A Pre-Historic Nuclear War? Reflections on Worlds Before Our Own

by Brad Steiger

	Cataclysmic changes in the Earth's crust.

I find myself now in the seventh decade of life still asking two questions that in one way or another the great majority of my 165 published books have sought to answer: 1.) Who are we as a species? 2.) What is our destiny?

The basic reason that I wrote Worlds Before Our Own (G.P. Putnam‘s Sons, 1978; Anomalist Books, 2007) is that I have always found it incredible that such sophisticated people as we judge ourselves to be, do not really know who we are.

Archaeologists, anthropologists, and various academicians who play the "origins of Man" game, reluctantly and only occasionally acknowledge instances where unique skeletal and cultural evidence from the prehistoric record suddenly appear long before they should -- and in places where they should not. These irritating artifacts destroy the orderly evolutionary line that academia has for so long presented to the public. Consequently, such data have been largely left buried in site reports, forgotten storage rooms, and dusty archives where one suspects that there is a great deal of suppressed, ignored, and misplaced pre-historical cultural evidence that would alter the established interpretations of human origins and provide us with a much clearer definition of what it means to be human.

There is now a basic academic consensus that the "homo" lineage goes back at least three million years, and that an ancestor of modern man evolved about one million years ago. Homo Sapiens, the "thinking man," (our own species), became the dominant planetary life form on a worldwide basis, about 40,000 years ago.

It is difficult enough to explain the sudden appearance of Homo Sapiens at that time, but it is an even more complex question to ponder why Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon man correspondingly disappeared. And academic warfare rages unceasingly over whether or not Neanderthal and our ancestors were two separate species or whether they interbred.

And just as scientists are adding to a growing body of evidence that humankind developed in Africa, a Hungarian excavation surrenders a Homo Sapiens skull fragment in a context more than 600,000 years out of alignment with the accepted calendar of man's migrations across the planet. Hominid fossils are unearthed in Dmanisi, Georgia, indicative of 1.77 million years old; and a homind tooth found in Niocene deposits near the Maritsa River in Bulgaria is dated at seven million years old.

What happens to Darwinian evolution when there are such sites as the one in Australia, which yielded Homo Sapiens (modern man), Homo erectus (our million-year-old ancestor), and Neanderthal (our Stone Age cousin) in what appears to be a contemporaneous environment? Then there is the Tabun site where Homo Sapiens fragments were found in strata below (which means older than) classic Neanderthal bones. In August 2007, scientists dating fossils found in Kenya challenged the conventional view that Homo Habilis (1.44 million years) and Homo erectus (1.55 million years) evolved one after the other. Dating of new fossil evidence revealed that the two species lived side by side in Africa for almost half a million years.

Somewhere, in what would appear to be a biological and cultural free-for-all, there must lie the answer to that most important question: Who are we?

But just as we are trying our best to fit skeletal fragments together in a manner that will be found acceptable to what we believe we know about our origins, footprints are being found in stone, which, if they are what they appear to be, will make a total shambles of our accepted evolutionary calendar. In Pershing County, Nevada, a shoe print was found in Triassic limestone, strata indicative of 400 million years, in which the fossilized evidence clearly revealed finely wrought double-stitching in the seams.

Early in 1975, Dr. Stanley Rhine of the University of New Mexico announced his discovery of human-like footprints in strata indicative of 40 million years old. A few months before, a similar find was made in Kenton, Oklahoma. At almost the same time, a discovery of a footprint in stone was revealed in north-central Wisconsin.

In Death Valley, there is ample fossil and skeletal evidence to indicate that the desolate area was once a tropical Garden of Eden where a race of giants lived and fed themselves with palatable foods taken from the local lakes and forests.

To speak of a race of prehistoric giants in what is now the desert sands of Death Valley is simultaneously to refute the doctrine which decrees that man is a relative newcomer to the North and South American continents. While on the one hand, new radiocarbon dates demonstrate that the Bering Land Bridge and Cordilleran Ice Corridor were not passable until 9000 years ago, an increasing amount of physical evidence indicates that man was surely in this hemisphere much earlier than that recent date.

For one thing, corn, an American contribution to the dinner tables of the world, is said to be, at 9000 years, our oldest domesticated seed crop. Some agriculturist had to be in the Americas more than 9000 years ago in order to domesticate the seed. Ancient squash seeds, peanuts, and cotton balls dated at 8,500 years old found in Peru’s Nanchoc Valley constitute additional evidence that New World farming was well established. Conclusive proof that such ancient farmers did exist in the Americas was offered when a Humble Oil Company drill brought up Mexican corn pollen that was more than 80,000 years old.

The anomalous Indian blood seration and dentition, and the geographic distribution of the American Indian, demands an impossible genetic time scale in which to transform Asiatic immigrants to distinctive New World inhabitants.

Even if we attempt to keep some kind of peace with the accepted theories of New World habitation, we must grant more evolution in 40,000 years in North America than that which took place in more than one million years in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Skulls found in California, which are clearly those of American Indians, have been dated at 50,000 years old. But we are left with another mystery. A 140,000 year old American Indian type skull (via metric analysis) has been found at an Iranian excavation site.

What of the lost Amerindian civilization of Cahokia, complete with pyramids and a great wall? One site, near the present city of St. Louis, may have contained a metropolis of more than 250,000 North American Indians.

And who constructed the mysterious seven-mile walls of the Berkeley and Oakland, California, hills?

And which pre-Mayan peoples engineered an elaborate waterworks in Yucatan to irrigate crops over 2000 years ago?

The Caracol Tower at Chichen Itza is a remarkable Mesoamerican observatory that seems to have correlated its findings with similar sites in North America, including Mesa Verde, Wichita, and Chaco Canyon.

One of the most heretical theories that I suggest in Worlds Before Our Own is that the cradle of civilization might possibly have traveled from the so-called New World to the Old. Now, in December 2007, years after Ruth Shady Solis found the ancient city of Caral, Peru, scientists have accepted the carbon dating of 2,627 B.C.E., thereby establishing the civilization in South America to be much older than the Harappa Valley towns and the pyramids of Egypt. Caral must now be recognized as “the mother of all civilizations,” the missing link of archaeology, the Mother City.

Scientific knowledge has seemingly been prized by the inhabitants of every culture, known and unknown. Rock engravings, which may be as old as 60 million years, depict in step-by-step illustrations an entire heart-transplant operation and a Cesarean section. The ancient Egyptians used the equivalent of contraceptive jelly and had urine pregnancy tests. The cement used in filling Mayan dental cavities still holds after 1500 years.

No fabric is supposed to have been found until Egypt produced cloth material 5000 years ago. How, then, can we deal with the Russian site which provides spindle whorls and patterned fabric designs more than 80,000 years old?

Not only did the ancient Babylonians appear to use sulphur matches, but they had a technology sophisticated enough to employ complex electrochemical battery cells with wiring. There is also evidence of electric batteries and electrolysis in ancient Egypt, India, and Swahililand.

Remains of a metal-working factory of over 200 furnaces was found at what is now Medzamor in Russian Armenia. Although a temperature of over 1780 degrees is required to melt platinum, some pre-Incan peoples in Peru were making objects of the metal. Even today the process of extracting aluminium from bauxite is a complicated procedure, but Chou Chu, famous general of the Tsin era (265-316 A.D.), was interred with aluminium belt fasteners on his burial costume.

Carved bones, chalk, stones, together with what would appear to be greatly ornamented ''coins," have been brought up from great depths during well-drilling operations. A strange, imprinted slab was found in a coal mine. The artefact was decorated with diamond-shaped squares with the face of an old man in each ''box." In another coal-mine discovery, miners found smooth, polished concrete blocks which formed a solid wall. According to one miner's testimony. he chipped one block open only to find the standard mixture of sand and cement that makes up most typical building blocks of today.

A gold necklace was found embedded in a lump of coal. A metal spike was discovered in a silver mine in Peru. An iron implement was found in a Scottish coal-bed. Estimated to be millions of years older than man is believed to have existed. A metal, bell-shaped vessel, inlaid with a silver floral design was blasted out of solid rock near Dorchester, Massachusetts.

Two hypotheses may explain the presence of these perplexing artifacts: 1) that they were manufactured by an advanced civilization on Earth which, due either to natural or technological catastrophe, was destroyed before our world's own genesis; 2) that they are vestiges of a highly technological civilization of extraterrestrial origin, which visited this planet millions of years ago, leaving behind various artifacts.

Even if a highly advanced extraterrestrial race might have visited this planet in prehistoric times, it seems unlikely such common, everyday items as nails, necklaces, buckles and vases would have been carried aboard a spacecraft deposited in such widely separated areas; for such artifacts have been found in North and South America, Great Britain, the whole of Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Mid-East.

In spite of the general unpopularity of catastrophism, there does seem to be a number of recently discovered "proofs" of ancient cataclysmic changes in the Earth's crust which may account for the nearly total disappearance of these prehistoric worlds. Geological evidence indicates that these changes were both sudden and drastic might have completely overwhelmed and destroyed the early inhabitants and their cultures.

Perhaps the most potentially mind-boggling evidence of an advanced prehistoric technology that might have blown its parent-culture away is to be found in those sites which ostensibly bear mute evidence of prehistoric nuclear warfare.

Large areas of fused green glass and vitrified cities have been found deep in the strata of archaeological digs at Pierrelatte in Gabon, Africa; the Euphrates Valley; the Sahara Desert; the Gobi Desert; Iraq; the Mojave Desert; Scotland; the Old and Middle Kingdoms of Egypt; and south-central Turkey. In contemporary times, such material as fused green glass has only been known at nuclear testing sites (where the sand had melted to form the substance). It is quite unsettling to some to consider it possible that these sites provide evidence of a prehistoric nuclear war. At the same time, scientists have found a number of uranium deposits that appear to have been mined or depleted in antiquity.

If it is possible that nuclear annihilation of a global civilization did occur in prehistoric times, it seems even more urgent to learn who we really are before we find ourselves doomed to repeat the lessons left to us, by a world before our own.

Traditional history tells us that the first people who entered North America came across the Bering Sea, from Asia, and migrated South to the continent around 12,000 BC. But this date has often puzzled archaeologists who place the migration in South America to a much earlier date -- around 32,000 BC. How can these two dates be so far apart?

Since no traces of the Homo habilis or the Homo erectus could be found in America, Archeologists conclude that America must have been settled by the Homo sapiens sapiens about 12,000 years ago There are 4 main migration-hypothesies:

A) People came via the BERING SRAIT from Sibiria to Alaska;

B) People from SIBIRIA crossed the Northern Pacific and landed on the American coast;

C) People from POLYNESIA crossed the Pacific Ocean and landed either in Northern or Southern America;

D) People from EUROPE crossed either the Atlantic Ocean or came via Russia and Sibiria to America.

So far there is only evidence for the Bering Strait Theory (A).

Recently, scientists have started questioning the methods used to date artifacts and strata in the earth that support this early (12000 BC) date. The traditional method, Carbon-14, has been used with confidence since it is based on well known principles of physics. But while the method may be well understood, certain natural phenomenon may have interfered with the sites in the Northern Hemiphere and caused the readings of Carbon 14 to be inaccurate. Specifically, scientists now believe that a nuclear explosion or a similar event could have changed the chemistry of Carbon 14 thousands of years ago, throwing off the real dates by thousands of years!

A pattern of unusually young radiocarbon dates in the Northeast has been noted by researchers and this indicates that the entire Great Lakes region (and beyond) was subjected to particle bombardment and a catastrophic nuclear irradiation that produced secondary thermal neutrons from cosmic ray interactions. The neutrons produced unusually large quantities of 239 Pu and substantially altered the natural uranium abundance ratios ( 235 U/238 U) in artifacts and in other exposed materials including cherts, sediments, and the entire landscape. These neutrons necessarily transmuted residual nitrogen (14 N) in the dated charcoals to radiocarbon, thus explaining the anomalous dates.

The evidence from dated materials

Scientists investigated a cluster of especially young radiocarbon dates concentrated in the north-central area of North America. For example, at the Gainey site in Michigan a 2880 yr BC radio-carbon date was reported, while the thermoluminescence date (a different dating test) for that same site is 12,400 BC!

Other anomalous dates were found at Leavitt in Michigan, Zander and Thedford in Ontario, Potts in New York, Alton in Indiana, and Grant Lake in Nunavut. The Grant Lake Paleoindian site is most remarkable because its 160 BC age is fairly young, while adjacent and deeper samples give ages of 1480 to 3620 BC.

Archaeologists often date material according to the known dates for the layer in which it is found. Deeper levels are usually older than the layers near the top. When measurements contradict this rule (i.e. older layers are on top of younger layers) it indicates that something has happened to the material being measured, making it appear much younger than it really is. This is especially true if there is no other evidence that the layers have been disturbed or upturned, as with some geological event like an earthquake of tectonic plate movement. This is just what scientists found in the area around the Great Lakes.

The evidence from particle bombardment

Large quantities of micrometeorite-like particles appear to be concentrated near the boundary between the two layers that have conflicting dates. This suggests that some atmospheric event was responsible for the changes in C-14, and thus the dating errors.

These particles can be separated with a magnet and are identified by the presence of chondrules and by visual evidence of sintering and partial melting. The particles, dissimilar to common magnetites, are found in association with a high frequency of "spherules." Also, total gamma-ray counting of sediment profiles in the various locations invariably showed increased radioactivity at the boundary of these conflicting layers of sedement.

In other words, whatever happened to alter the Carbon-14 was produced in the atmosphere, was extremely hot and radioactive.

The tiny spherical particles were heated at an extremely high temperature during their high-speed entry into the atmosphere. The depth of penetration into the sedement layers implies that these particles entered with substantial energy. Simulations estimate a velocity of about 0.4 kilometers per second.

The evidence of this event is highest at the Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana sites and decreases in all directions from this region, consistent with a widespread catastrophe concentrated over the Great Lakes region. The nearly vertical direction of the tracks left by particle impacts at most sites suggests they came from a distant source (from space) and was not an atmospheric phenomenon near the Earth.

The evidence from uranium and plutonium

If a large cosmic-ray bombardment impacted the earth and irradiated the prehistoric landscape with thermal neutrons, the 235 Uranium/238 Uraniam ratio would be changed; 239 Pu would be produced from 238 Uranium capturing an extra neutron, followed by the decay of 239 Uranium. Neutrons colliding with nitrogen (1.83 barns) would create 14 C in exactly the same way 14 C is normally produced in the upper atmosphere, necessarily resetting the radiocarbon dates of any organic materials lying near the surface on the North American prehistoric landscape -- including charcoals at Paleoindian sites -- to younger values.

In other words, intense cosmic radiation from space would produce a bombardment of Carbon-14 atoms on the surface of the Earth. Since C-14 is lost over time, a higher C-14 reading would indicates a younger specimin while a lower C-14 level means an older specimin. This bombardment would cause an artificially higher reading of C-14 atoms when material was being tested and would result in a much younger age estimate.

But scientists also learn about what caused this bombardment by examining the Uranium 235 in the sedement. Compared to U-235 in surrounding area, the ration of U-235 under the region of the bombardment contained about 78 percent as much 235 U as the controls and later-period artifacts, suggesting substantial depletion. The depletion is caused by a bombardment of neutrons; therefore this depletion of 235 U necessarily indicates that thermal neutrons impacted these artifacts and the surrounding prehistoric landscape.

Chert is a glass-like material highly impervious to penetration by any nuclear fallout that might also contribute 239 Pu. Scientists analyzed a long-exposed piece of Bayport chert by gamma-ray counting at the LBNL low-background facility for the presence of cesium-137 ( 137 Cs), a key indicator of fallout (from nuclear testing), and found none. The anomolous layers typically lie sufficiently deep that contamination by fallout is improbable. It is important to note that fallout cannot explain the depletion of 235 U.

Redating North American sites

The 39,000 BC date proposed for the Gainey site is consistent with the prevailing opinion among many archaeologists about when the Americas were populated. It is also in agreement with dates for South American sites. The proposed date for the Gainey site also falls closer in line with the radiocarbon date for a Lewisville, Texas, Paleoindian site of 26,610 BC, and radio-carbon dates as early as 20,000 BC for Meadowcroft Rockshelter. Since the Lewisville and Meadowcroft sites were likely exposed at the same time to thermal neutrons, we estimate that their dates should be reset to 55,000 BC and 45,000 BC, respectively.

It is likely that Paleo-Indians occupied low latitudes during the full glacial and migrated to more northerly areas as the ice front retreated. Therefore the pattern of dates makes sense from the archaeologist's point of view. Dates for North American sites should generally be reset by up to 40,000 years, depending on latitude and overburden!

Geologists believe that before 15,000 BC, the Wisconsinan glaciation covered the more northerly locations where Paleoindian sites have been found. The ice sheet would have shielded the landscape and any artifacts from an irradiation. The modified dates for Paleoindian settlements suggest that the timetable for glacial advance sequences, strongly driven by conventional radiocarbon dates, should be revisited in light of the evidence presented here of much older occupations than previously thought."

The evidence from tree rings and marine sediments shows the event happened mainly to the Northern hemisphere.

A large nuclear bombardment should have left evidence elsewhere in the radio-carbon record. It is well known that radiocarbon dates are increasingly too young as we go back in time. The global Carbon Cycle suggests that 14 C produced by cosmic rays would be rapidly dispersed in the large carbon reservoirs in the atmosphere, land, and oceans. We would expect to see a sudden increase in radiocarbon in the atmosphere that would be incorporated into plants and animals soon after the irradiation; after only a few years, most of the radiocarbon would move into the ocean reservoirs. The 14 C level in the fossil record would reset to a higher value. The excess global radiocarbon would then decay with a half-life of 5730 years, which should be seen in the radiocarbon analysis of varved systems.

This occurrence can be dated precisely to 12,500 BC, an average of the remarkably consistent concentration peak centroids in the Greenland ice core data. Significant increases at that time are not found in comparable data for the Antarctic, which indicates that the cosmic ray irradiation was centered in the Northern Hemisphere. Weak evidence of an occurrence at 12,500 BC is seen in the radiocarbon record for marine sediments near Venezuela, confirming that the cosmic ray bombardment was most severe in northern latitudes.

Lunar cosmogenic data also show evidence of increased solar cosmic ray activity at or before 20,000 BC, although these data are not sensitive to earlier irradiation.

Could it have been a supernova?

Sonett suggests that a single supernova would produce two or three shock waves, an initial forward shock and a pair of reverse shocks from the initial expansion and a reflected wave from the shell boundary of a more ancient supernova. A candidate for the reverse shock wave is the supernova remnant North Polar Spur, with an estimated age of 75,000 years and a distance of 130 parsecs (424 light years), conveniently located in the north sky from where it would have preferentially irradiated the Northern Hemisphere. Assuming the Taylor flux is average and 1,000 neutrons are produced per erg of gamma-ray energy, the catastrophe would have released about 10^16 erg/cm 2 (2 x 10^8 cal/cm 2 ), corresponding to a solar flare of 10^43 ergs or a gamma-flash of 10^54 ergs from a supernova about 1 parsec away.

The geographical distribution of particle tracks, 235 U depletion, and 239 Pu concentration are quite consistent, although the particle tracks seem to be confined to a smaller geographic area. They indicate energy released over the northeastern sector of the U.S., with maximum energy at about 43 degrees N, 85 degrees W, the Michigan area of the Great Lakes region.

A history of suspected cosmic cataclysms over the ages

*Some scientists have proposed, based on the existing record of solar flare intensities, that solar flares as large as 3 x 10^38 ergs should be expected every 100,000 years.

*Other scientists estimate that supernovas release 10^47 Ð10^50 ergs within 10 parsecs of Earth every 100 million years.

*One scientist suggests that a supernova impacted the earth in Paleoindian times. This is supported by evidence from the 14 C tree ring record that supernova #SN1006, which occurred at a distance of 1300 par-secs, produced a neutron shower of 2 x 10^8 n/cm 2. Other research shows evidence of the past six nearby supernovae from the thermoluminescence record of Tyrrhenian sea sediments.

So was it a supernova or a solar Coronal Mass Ejection?

Whatever it was, the Paleoindian catastrophe in 12,500 BC was large by standards of all suspected cosmic occurrences.

We know that normal geomagnetic conditions would usually focus cosmic rays towards the magnetic poles, concentrating their severity in those regions. However, low magnetic field intensity during a geomagnetic excursion may have allowed excessive cosmic rays to strike northeastern North America, as was the case with this event. If this was the case, did the event happen during a perid of of reduced magnetic polarity?

Scientists tell us that a severe solar flare could cause the Earth's magnetic field (and ionosphere) to collapse. So it is possible that the collapse happened as a result of the bombardment of radiation.

Many scientists believe that the size of the initial catastrophe may be too large for a solar flare, but a sufficiently powerful nearby supernova or cosmic ray jet could account for it. It also is possible that the catastrophe could have initiated a sequence of events that may have included solar flares, impacts, and secondary cosmic ray bombardments.

A devastating effect on Earth

The enormous energy released by the catastrophe in 12,500 BC could have heated the atmosphere to over 1000¡C over Michigan, and the neutron flux at more northern locations would have melted considerable glacial ice. Radiation effects on plants and animals exposed to the cosmic rays would have been lethal, comparable to being irradiated in a 5-megawatt reactor more than 100 seconds.

The overall pattern of the catastrophe matches the pattern of mass extinction before Holocene times. The Western Hemisphere was more affected than the Eastern, North America more than South America, and eastern North America more than western North America. Extinction in the Great Lakes area was more rapid and pronounced than elsewhere. Larger animals were more affected than smaller ones, a pattern that conforms to the expectation that radiation exposure affects large bodies more than smaller ones. Sharp fluctuations of 14 C in the Icelandic marine sediments at each geomagnetic excursion are interesting; because global carbon deposits in the ocean sediments at a rate of only about 0.0005 percent a year, a sudden increase in sediment 14 C may reflect the rapid die-off of organisms that incorporated radiocarbon shortly after bombardment.

Massive radiation would be expected to cause major mutations in plant life. Maize probably evolved by macro-mutation at that time, and plant domestication of possibly mutated forms appears worldwide after the Late Glacial period. For example, there was a rapid transition from wild to domesticated grains in the Near East after the catastrophe.

Implications for future study

Much of what we assume about the Paleoindian period and the peopling of the Americas has been inferred from conventional radiocarbon chronology, which often conflicts with archaeological evidence. This work mandates that conventional radio-carbon dates be reinterpreted in light of hard terrestrial evidence of exposure of the radiocarbon samples to a cosmological catastrophe that affected vast areas of North America and beyond. A nuclear catastrophe can reset a group of unrelated artifacts to a common younger date, creating gaps and false episodes in the fossil record. Geographical variation and complicated overburdens may further confuse the interpretation. Scrutiny of Paleoindian artifacts and the North American paleolandscape, associated stratigraphic sediments, coupled with continued radiological investigations, may provide more evidence for the cosmic catastrophe and new clues to the origin of Paleoindians.

Ancient Amazon civilisation laid bare by felled forest

Uncovering civilisation

Signs of what could be a previously unknown ancient civilisation are
emerging from beneath the felled trees of the Amazon. Some 260 giant
avenues, ditches and enclosures have been spotted from the air in a region
straddling Brazil's border with Bolivia.

The traditional view is that before the arrival of the Spanish and
Portuguese in the 15th century there were no complex societies in the Amazon
basin – in contrast to the Andes further west where the Incas built their
cities. Now deforestation, increased air travel and satellite imagery are
telling a different story.

"It's never-ending," says Denise Schaan of the Federal University of Pará in
Belém, Brazil, who made many of the new discoveries from planes or by
examining Google Earth images. "Every week we find new structures." Some of
them are square or rectangular, while others form concentric circles or
complex geometric figures such as hexagons and octagons connected by avenues
or roads. The researchers describe them all as geoglyphs.

The geoglyphs are thought to date from around 2000 years ago up to the 13th
century (Image: Edison Caetano)
The geoglyphs are thought to date from around 2000 years ago up to the 13th
century

Garden villages

Their discovery, in an area of northern Bolivia and western Brazil, follows
other recent reports of vast sprawls of interconnected villages known as
"garden cities" in north central Brazil, dating from around AD 1400. But the
structures unearthed at the garden city sites are not as consistently
similar or geometric as the geoglyphs, Schaan says.

"I firmly believe that the garden cities of Xingu and the geoglyphs were not
directly related," says Martti Pärssinen of the Finnish Cultural and
Academic Institutes in Madrid, Spain, who works with Schaan. "Nevertheless,
both discoveries demonstrate that [upland] areas of western Amazonia were
heavily populated much before the European incursion."

The geoglyphs are formed by ditches up to 11 metres wide and 1 to 2 metres
deep. They range from 90 to 300 metres in diameter and are thought to date
from around 2000 years ago up to the 13th century.

Human habitation

Excavations have unearthed ceramics, grinding stones and other signs of
human habitation at some of the sites but not at others. This suggests that
some had purely ceremonial roles, while others may also have been used for
defence.

Unusually for defensive structures, however, earth was piled up outside the
ditches, and they are also highly symmetrical. "When you think about defence
you're just building a wall or a trench," says Schaan. "You don't have to do
calculations to make it so round or square." Many of the structures are
oriented to the north, and the team is investigating whether they might have
had astronomical significance.

"Many of the great early civilisations had a riverine basis and the Amazon
has long been underestimated and overlooked in that sense," says Colin
McEwan, head of the Americas section at the British Museum in London.

Successful societies

Though there is no evidence that the Amazonians built pyramids or invented
written language as societies in ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia did, "in terms
of a trend towards increasing social complexity and domestication of the
landscape, this wasn't just a pristine forest with isolated nomadic tribes",
McEwan adds. "These were substantive, sedentary and in the long term very
successful cultures."

While some Inca sites lie just 200 kilometres west of the geoglyphs, no Inca
objects have been found at the new sites. Neither do they seem to have
anything in common with Peru's Nasca geoglyphs.

"I have no doubt that this is only scratching the surface," says Alex
Chepstow-Lusty of the French Institute for Andean Studies in Lima, Peru.
"The scale of pre-Columbian societies in Amazonia is only slowly coming to
light and we are going to be amazed at the numbers of people who lived
there, but also in a highly sustainable fashion. Sadly, the economic
development and forest clearance that is revealing these pre-Columbian
settlement patterns is also the threat to having enough time to properly
understand them."

source  Journal reference: Antiquity, vol 83, p 1084

We stand today at an unprecedented turning point in human history. In recent years two versions of ancient history have formed. One, we shall call �alternative� history, the other we shall refer to as �official� history.

The former ponders over a variety of anomalies and tries to make sense out of the corpus of evidence, i.e., the pyramids and timelines, why they were built, by whom and when. The latter conducts digs, catalogues pottery shards, and tries to defend its proposal there are no enigmas, and virtually everything is explained.

At one point perhaps as late as fifteen years ago these two camps seem to be engaged in an informal dialogue.


That all changed after, 1) the Great Sphinx redating controversy caught Egyptologists off guard and, 2) the impact of Chris Dunn�s book The Giza Power Plant: Technologies of Ancient Egypt at the end of the last decade.

There is no more dialogue and no more polite, gloves on debate. The proponents of �official� history have taken an increasingly political and ideological approach to the issue. They now do little more than offer pronouncements of the historical �truth� on the one hand, and denounce of all those who dare challenge officialdom on the other.

In this context we offer evidence that our �scholars�, the gatekeepers who control our institutions of �higher learning�, refuse to consider.

The Great Pyramid � Precision Engineering
This colossal structure, the last of the seven ancient wonders and the largest stone building in the world, still provokes awe, controversy and a plethora of theories that inspire bitter debate to this day. Instead of going over the well-established mysteries, we would like to shine new light on this important enigma that appears out of place in �Stone Age� Egypt.

The real challenge the Great Pyramid still poses to us in the opening decade of the Third Millennium is the physical plant itself. Theorists have gone on endlessly speculating about how it was built and the metaphysical, cultural and religious significance and/or symbolism behind its construction. Though several authors have offered tantalising possibilities, none have been conclusively proven.

The mystery remains unsolved.

To begin with, the massive size � the staggering volume and weight of the building blocks � remain problematic. With an estimated 2.3 million blocks with a weight of about 4 million tons, the pyramid is two-thirds the mass of the Hoover Dam. The sheer size and the numbers of blocks that had to be quarried and moved into place, presents numerous architectural, construction and engineering headaches.

These issues have been raised time and again, yet are still unsettled. It is time to move on and define the even more difficult issues. We consider the core �hard� problems to be those that reflect precision engineering and assembly line manufacturing accomplished on a massive scale. The primitive tools scenario concocted by Egyptologists does not explain the following tasks:

1. Creating precision-cut casing blocks weighing 16 tons, fitted together and held by a super-glue mortar that maintained a tight seal forming a nearly seamless shell.
2. Leveling the 13-acre limestone bedrock base to a degree of accuracy only recently achieved with laser technology.
3. Squaring the base to True North with minimal deviation.
4. Excavating the �Descending Passage� 350 feet into solid bedrock at a 26-degree angle while keeping the tunnel arrow-straight for its length.
5. Bringing the massive 48-story pyramid together around complex internal structures, retaining the true shape to enable the builders to form the apex. (These internal structures include four enigmatic ventilation shafts and a coffer in the King�s Chamber that is too large to have been moved through the opening. It shows evidence of having been cut with a jewel-tip saw.)
6. Extensive usage of different types of machined granite inside the Great Pyramid chambers.

by D. Hatcher Childress


from The Anti-Gravity Handbook available from:

Adventures Unlimited Press, Post Office Box 22, Stelle, IL,
USA 60919-9989

(815) 253-6390, Write for their FREE catalog.


Many researchers into the UFO enigma tend to overlook a very
important fact. While it assumed that most flying saucers are of
alien, or perhaps Governmental Military origin, another possible
origin of UFOs is ancient India and Atlantis.

What we know about ancient Indian flying vehicles comes from
ancient Indian sources; written texts that have come down to us
through the centuries. There is no doubt that most of these texts
are authentic; many are the well known ancient Indian Epics
themselves, and there are literally hundreds of them. Most of
them have not even been translated into English yet from the old
Sanskrit.

The Indian Emperor Ashoka started a "Secret Society of the Nine
Unknown Men": great Indian scientists who were supposed to
catalogue the many sciences. Ashoka kept their work secret
because he was afraid that the advanced science catalogued by
these men, culled from ancient Indian sources, would be used
for the evil purpose of war, which Ashoka was strongly
against, having been converted to Buddhism after defeating a rival
army in a bloody battle.

The "Nine Unknown Men" wrote a total of nine books, presumably one
each. Book number was "The Secrets of Gravitation!" This book,
known to historians, but not actually seen by them dealt chiefly
with "gravity control." It is presumably still around somewhere,
kept in a secret library in India, Tibet or elsewhere (perhaps
even in North America somewhere). One can certainly understand
Ashoka's reasoning for wanting to keep such knowledge a secret,
assuming it exists. if the Nazis had such weapons at their
disposal during World War II. Ashoka was also aware devastating
wars using such advanced vehicles and other "futuristic weapons"
that had destroyed the ancient Indian "Rama Empire" several
thousand years before.

Only a few years ago, the Chinese discovered some Sanskrit
documents in Lhasa, Tibet and sent them to the University
of Chandrigarh to be translated. Dr. Ruth Reyna of the University
said recently that the documents contain directions for building
interstellar spaceships!

Their method of propulsion, she said, was "anti-gravitational" and
was based upon a system analogous to that of "laghima," the
unknown power of the ego existing in man's physiological makeup,
"a centrifugal force strong enough to counteract all gravitational
pull." According to Hindu Yogis, it is this "laghima" which
enables a person to levitate.

Dr. Reyna said that on board these machines, which were called
"Astras" by the text, the ancient Indians could have sent a
detachment of men onto any planet, according to the
document, which is thought to be thousands of years old. The
manuscripts were also said to reveal the secret of "antima"; "the
cap of invisibility" and "garima"; "how to become as heavy as a
mountain of lead."

Naturally, Indian scientists did not take the texts very
seriously, but then became more positive about the value of them
when the Chinese announced that they were including certain parts
of the data for study in their space program! This was one of the
first instances of a government admitting to be researching
anti-gravity.

The manuscripts did not say definitely that interplanetary travel
was ever made but did mention, of all things, a planned trip to
the Moon, though it is not clear whether this trip was actually
carried out. However, one of the great Indian epics, the
Ramayana, does have a highly detailed story in it of a trip to
the moon in a Vimana (or "Astra"), and in fact details a battle
on the moon with an "Asvin" (or Atlantean" airship.

This is but a small bit of recent evidence of anti-gravity and
aerospace technology used by Indians. To really understand the
technology, we must go much further back in time.

The so-called "Rama Empire" of Northern India and Pakistan
developed at least fifteen thousand years ago on the Indian
sub-continent and was a nation of many large, sophisticated
cities, many of which are still to be found in the deserts of
Pakistan, northern, and western India. Rama existed, apparently,
parallel to the Atlantean civilization in the mid-Atlantic Ocean,
and was ruled by "enlightened Priest-Kings "who governed the
cities, The seven greatest capital cities of Rama were known in
classical Hindu texts as "The Seven Rishi Cities."

According to ancient Indian texts, the people had flying machines
which were called "Vimanas." The ancient Indian epic describes a
Vimana as a double-deck, circular aircraft with portholes and a
dome, much as we would imagine a flying saucer.

It flew with the "speed of the wind" and gave forth a "melodious
sound." There were at least four different types of Vimanas; some
saucer shaped, others like long cylinders ("cigar shaped
airships"). The ancient Indian texts on Vimanas are so numerous,
it would take volumes to relate what they had to say. The ancient
Indians, who manufactured these ships themselves, wrote entire
flight manuals on the control of the various types of Vimanas,
many of which are still in existence, and some have even been
translated into English.

The Samara Sutradhara is a scientific treatise dealing with every
possible angle of air travel in a Vimana. There are 230 stanzas
dealing with the construction, take-off, cruising for thousand of
miles, normal and forced landings, and even possible collisions
with birds. In 1875, the Vaimanika Sastra, a fourth century B.C.
text written by Bharadvajy the Wise, using even older texts as
his source, was rediscovered in a temple in India. It dealt with
the operation of Vimanas and included information on the
steering, precautions for long flights, protection of the
airships from storms and lightening and how to switch the drive
to "solar energy" from a free energy source which sounds like
"anti-gravity."

The Vaimanika Sastra (or Vymaanika-Shaastra) has eight chapters
with diagrams, describing three types of aircraft, including
apparatuses that could neither catch on fire nor break. It also
mentions 31 essential parts of these vehicles and 16 materials
from which they are constructed, which absorb light and heat; for
which reason they were considered suitable for the construction
of Vimanas. This document has been translated into English and is
available by writing the publisher: VYMAANIDASHAASTRA AERONAUTICS
by Maharishi Bharadwaaja, translated into English and edited,
printed and published by Mr. G. R. Josyer, Mysore, India, 1979
(sorry, no street address). Mr. Josyer is the director of the
International Academy of Sanskrit Investigation located in
Mysore.

There seems to be no doubt that Vimanas were powered by some sort
of "anti-gravity." Vimanas took off vertically, and were capable
of hovering in the sky, like a modern helicopter or dirigible.
Bharadvajy the Wise refers to no less than 70 authorities and 10
experts of air travel in antiquity. These sources are now lost.

Vimanas were kept in a Vimana Griha, a kind of hanger, and were
sometimes said to be propelled by a yellowish-white liquid, and
sometimes by some sort of mercury compound, though writers seem
confused in this matter. It is most likely that the later writers
on Vimanas, wrote as observers and from earlier texts, and were
understandably confused on the principle of their propulsion. The
"yellowish-white liquid" sounds suspiciously like gasoline, and
perhaps Vimanas had a number of different propulsion sources,
including combustion engines and even "pulse-jet" engines. It is
interesting to note, that the Nazis developed the first practical
pulse-jet engines for their V-8 rocket "buzz bombs." Hitler and
the Nazi staff were exceptionally interested in ancient India and
Tibet and sent expeditions to both these places yearly, starting
in the 30's, in order to gather esoteric evidence that they did
so, and perhaps it was from these people that the Nazis gained
some of their scientific information!

According to the Dronaparva, part of the Mahabarata, and the
Ramayana, one Vimana described was shaped like a sphere and born
along at great speed on a mighty wind generated by mercury. It
moved like a UFO, going up, down, backwards and forewards as the
pilot desired. In another Indian source, the Samar, Vimanas were
"iron machines, well-knit and smooth, with a charge of mercury
that shot out of the back in the form of a roaring flame."
Another work called the Samaranganasutradhara describes how the
vehicles were constructed. It is possible that mercury did have
something to do with the propulsion, or more possibly,with the
guidance system. Curiously, Soviet scientists have discovered
what they call "age-old instruments used in navigating cosmic
vehicles" in caves in Turkestan and the Gobi Desert. The "devices"
are hemispherical objects of glass o porcelain, ending in a cone
with a drop of mercury inside.

It is evident that ancient Indians flew around in these vehicles,
all over Asia, to Atlantis presumably; and even, apparently, to
South America. Writing found at Mohenjodaro in Pakistan (presumed
to be one of the "Seven Rishi Cities of the Rama Empire") and
still undeciphered, has also been found in one other place in the
world: Easter Island! Writing on Easter Island, called
Rongo-Rongo writing, is also undeciphered, and is uncannily
similar to the Mohenjodaro script. Was Easter Island an air base
for the Rama Empire's Vimana route? (At the Mohenjo-Daro
Vimana-drome, as the passenger walks down the concourse, he hears
the sweet, melodic sound of the announcer over the loudspeaker,

"Rama Airways flight number seven for Bali, Easter Island, Nazca,
and Atlantis is now ready for boarding. Passengers please proceed
to gate number..") in Tibet, no small distance, and speaks of the
"fiery chariot" thusly: "Bhima flew along in his car, resplendent
as the sun and loud as thunder... The flying chariot shone like a
flame in the night sky of summer ... it swept by like a comet...
It was as if two suns were shining. Then the chariot rose up and
all the heaven brightened."

In the Mahavira of Bhavabhuti, a Jain text of the eighth century
culled from older texts and traditions, we read: "An aerial
chariot, the Pushpaka, conveys many people to the capital of
Ayodhya.

The sky is full of stupendous flying-machines, dark as night, but
picked out by lights with a yellowish glare-"

The Vedas, ancient Hindu poems, thought to be the oldest of all
the Indian texts, describe Vimanas of various shapes and sizes:
the "ahnihotra-vimana" with two engines, the "elephant-vimana"
with more engines, and other types named after the kingfisher,
ibis and other animals.

Unfortunately, Vimanas, like most scientific discoveries, were
ultimately used for war. Atlanteans used their flying machines,
"Vailixi," a similar type of aircraft, to literally try and
subjugate the world, it would seem, if Indian texts are to be
believed. The Atlanteans, known as "Asvins" in the
Indian writings, were apparently even more advanced
technologically than the Indians, and certainly of a more
war-like temperament. Although no ancient texts on Atlantean
Vailixi are known to exist, some information has come down
through esoteric, "occult" sources which describe their flying
machines. Similar, if not identical to Vimanas, Vailixi were
generally "cigar shaped" and had the capability of maneuvering
underwater as well as in the atmosphere or even outer space.
Other vehicles, like Vimanas, were saucer shaped, and could
apparently also be submerged.

According to Eklal Kueshana, author of "The Ultimate Frontier,"
in an article he wrote in 1966, Vailixi were first developed in
Atlantis 20,000 years ago, and the most common ones are
"saucer-shaped of generally trapezoidal cross-section with three
hemispherical engine pods on the underside." "They use 
a mechanical antigravity device driven by engines developing
approximately 80,000 horse power."

The Ramayana, Mahabarata and other texts speak of the hideous war
that took place, some ten or twelve thousand years ago between
Atlantis and Rama using weapons of destruction that could not be
imagined by readers until the second half of this century.

The ancient Mahabharata, one of the sources on Vimanas, goes on to
tell the awesome destructiveness of the war: "...(the weapon was)
a single projectile charged with all the power of the Universe.
An incandescent column of smoke and flame As bright as the
thousand suns rose in all its splendor... An iron thunderbolt,

A gigantic messenger of death,

Which reduced to ashes

The entire race of the Vrishnis

And the Andhakas.

... the corpses were so burned

As to be unrecognizable.

The hair and nails fell out;

Pottery broke without apparent cause,

And the birds turned white.

... After a few hours

All foodstuffs were infected...

... to escape from this fire

The soldiers threw themselves in streams

To wash themselves and their equipment..."

It would seem that the Mahabharata is describing an atomic war!
References like this one are not isolated; but battles, using a
fantastic array of weapons and aerial vehicles are common in all
the epic Indian books. One even describes a Vimana-Vailix battle
on the Moon! The above section very accurately describes what an
atomic explosion would look like and the effects of the
radioactivity on the population. Jumping into water is the only
respite.

When the Rishi City of Mohenjodaro was excavated by archeologists
in the last century, they found skeletons just lying in the
streets, some of them holding hands, as if some great doom had
suddenly overtaken them. These skeletons are among the most
radioactive ever found, on a par with those found at Hiroshima
and Nagasaki. Ancient cities whose brick and stone walls have
literally been vitrified, that is-fused together, can be found in
India, Ireland, Scotland, France, Turkey and other places. There
is no logical explanation for the vitrification of stone forts
and cities, except from an atomic blast. Furthermore, at
Mohenjo-Daro, a well planned city laid on a grid, with a plumbing
system superior to those used in Pakistan and India today, the
streets were littered with "black lumps of glass." These globs of
glass were discovered to be clay pots that had melted under
intense heat!

With the cataclysmic sinking of Atlantis and the wiping out of
Rama with atomic weapons, the world collapsed into a "stone age"
of sorts, and modern history picks up a few thousand years later.
Yet, it would seem that not all the Vimanas and Vailixi of Rama
and Atlantis were gone. Built to last for thousands of years,
many of them would still be in use, as evidenced by Ashoka's
"Nine Unknown Men" and the Lhasa manuscript.

That secret societies or "Brotherhoods" of
exceptional, "enlightened" human beings would have preserved these
inventions and the knowledge of science, history, etc., does not
seem surprising. Many well known historical personages including
Jesus, Buddha, Lao Tzu, Confucius, Krishna, Zoroaster, Mahavira,
Quetzalcoatl, Akhenaton, Moses, and more recent inventors and of
course many other people who will probably remain anonymous, were
probably members of such a secret organization.

It is interesting to note that when Alexander the Great invaded
India more than two thousand years ago, his historians chronicled
that at one point they were attacked by "flying, fiery shields"
that dove at his army and frightened the cavalry. These "flying
saucers" did not use any atomic bombs or beam weapons on
Alexander's army however, perhaps out of benevolence, and
Alexander went on to conquer India.

It has been suggested by many writers that these
"Brotherhoods" keep some of their Vimanas and Vailixi in secret
caverns in Tibet or some other place is Central Asia, and the Lop
Nor Desert in western China is known to be the center of a great
UFO mystery. Perhaps it is here that many of the airships are
still kept, in underground bases much as the Americans, British
and Soviets have built around the world in the past few decades.

Still, not all UFO activity can be accounted for by old Vimanas
making trips to the Moon for some reason. Undoubtedly, some are
from the Military Governments of the world, and possibly even
from other planets. Of course, many UFO sightings are "swamp,
gas, clouds, hoaxes, and hallucinations, while there is
considerable evidence that many UFO sightings, especially
"kidnappings" and the like, are the result of what is
generally called "telepathic hypnosis." One common thread that
often runs between "Alien kidnappings," "sex with aliens," and
other "close encounters of a third kind" is a buzzing in the ears
just before the encounter. According to many well informed
people, this is a sure sign of telepathic hypnosis."

It was on the banks of the Savannah River in Allendale County where Al Goodyear in 2004 found the clues of an ancient civilization that could rewrite the history books.

They uncovered what appeared to be cutting tools and stone chisels used by humans that existed an estimated 37,000 years before the earliest-known inhabitants, known as the Clovis culture. It was a discovery that rocked the archaeological community and generated international media attention.

"The entire Western Hemisphere is coming under closer scrutiny," Goodyear said. "Everything that I was taught as a student is breaking down rapidly."

Then, in 1998, Goodyear decided to dig deeper. He and a rotating group of scientists and volunteers uncovered evidence of a pre-Clovis culture well below the level at which the Clovis artifacts were found.

Goodyear and his group will be back in May for five weeks, offering volunteers the opportunity to work alongside archaeologists and researchers in their quest to debunk the long-held theory that man arrived in North America around 13,000 years ago.

"After I retired, I became fascinated with archaeology and decided to go and get my hands dirty," he said. "After the first dig, I was hooked."

"It's absolutely fantastic," he said.

EGYPT'S GREATEST SECRET REVEALED

A New Book
from Andrew Collins

CHAPTER BREAKDOWN as of 31 March 2008

Prologue

In 1816, Sir Henry Salt, British Counsel General to Egypt, along with the maverick Italian explorer Giovanni Caviglia, explored a spacious tomb on the northern slopes of Giza's famous plateau. It was part of a systematic investigation of all tombs, mastabas and pyramids in their unerring bid to find, and convey back to their own countries, antiquities and treasures of every kind, whether of commercial or philological value.
In this somewhat bare tomb, with only internal pillars, a long corridor and a few side chambers for decoration, they found nothing of immediate interest. Yet at its farthest end they unexpectedly found themselves pushing through into a chasm-like chamber, partly hewn, partly natural, which opened up into a maze of subterranean passages. After travelling for a distance of some several hundred yards, the two men chanced upon a giant hewn chamber, which led into three more chambers of equal size, from which led 'labyrinthink' passages going off in various directions. Salt left Caviglia to explore them, he having become bored by these empty corridors and chambers. The Italian followed one or two for a few hundred feet more before giving up, having found no obvious antiquities.

It is a wonderful story, yet one that has gone unreported through to this present day, since no record of Caviglia's exploration of the 'catacombs' have survived, and Salt's own account, preserved in his memoirs, were only rediscovered recently, after nearly 200 years of obscurity.

So what exactly had Salt and Caviglia found, and why is their account so important?

Ever since the age of the Pharaohs Egyptian myths have spoken of an underworld domain existing beneath the Giza plateau. Similar stories were told by Roman and Arab travellers to Egypt, and even by those who inhabit the villages on the edge of the hot desert that still encroaches on the plateau today.

In more modern times psychics and mystics such as America's 'sleeping prophet' Edgar Cayce (1877-1945) have revived the search for what has come to be known as the Hall of Records, an underground realm thought to contain the lost arts and treasures of the ancients. In the last 30 years several expeditions, almost all of them funded by the Association for Research and Enlightenment (ARE), the active wing of the Edgar Cayce Foundation, have attempted with success to locate its entrance.

Did the series of catacombs uncovered by Salt and Caviglia lead eventually to the lost Hall of Records, or were they simply natural cavities of very little archaeological value? Was there any real truth in the stories regarding the existence of an underworld domain beneath the Giza pyramid field? Was there any way its entrance might be located today? These were the questions the author sought to answer when in 1998 he began his own quest of discovery on the celebrated plateau at Giza, strewn with ruined monuments and empty sepulchres from a bygone age. Little did he realise that just ten years later he would be the first person to find and enter those same catacombs and 'labyrinthink' passages in an incredible story of treasure and discovery, reminiscent of the earliest days of exploration on the plateau.

PART ONE -UNDERWORLD

In the Edfu building texts, carved on the walls of Ptolemaic temple of Edfu in southern Egypt, we find reference to an island surrounded by water was expressed in terms of an original mound of creation that emerged from a primeval ocean (called the nun) at the beginning of time. Although this concept is found among the creation myths of other cult centres in Egypt, what makes the Edfu texts unique is that they allude to the existence within the island of a subterranean realm known as the duat n ba, literally translated as the 'Underworld (or Netherworld) of the Soul'.

This sacred domain was reached via a construction named bw-hnm, the Place of the Well, within which was an object described as the bnnt, meaning 'embryo', or 'seed', called also the 'Great Lotus', or 'throne', which exuded a divine radiance or efflux able to effect creation in the outside world, i.e. create the physical world around it. During an epoch known as the First Occasion (zep tepi), mythical beings referred to as the wrw n wrw, a term meaning the Eldest of the Eldest Ones, or more commonly the Primeval Ones, gathered here to perform magical rites using power objects, called iht, in concert with the functions of the bnnt-power object. The expression iht might well imply a hand-held stone or crystal, like the sacred lingam stones of Hindu tradition, which symbolise growth or new life. The Primeval Ones were said to have created a sacred domain on the edge of the lake, where they erected the first temple and temple enclosure in honour of their glorious leader called the Falcon, a kind of bird-man, arguably a powerful shaman in the guise of a bird.

Egyptologist EAE Reymond wrote in 1969 that the mythical world described in the Edfu texts must really have existed during some primordial age. She saw clear signs in the texts that this sacred domain was located near the ancient royal city of Memphis in Lower Egypt. It necropolis, or city of the dead, stretched from Sakkara in the south to Giza in the north.

So was the primeval mound or island of the Edfu texts to be found in the vicinity of Giza, where an ancient branch of the Nile once flowed? If so, what became of this place, and where was it in relationship to the Great Pyramid and its neighbours on the plateau today? More importantly did the Underworld of the Soul really exist as a subterranean realm? If so, could its entrance, called the Place of the Well, be located today?

Well of the Saint

Convinced that the Place of the Well existed somewhere in the vicinity of the plateau at Giza, I discovered a legend preserved among the inhabitants of Nazlet es-Samman, the modern village that today encroaches on the eastern edge of the pyramid field. It spoke of a holy well of untold importance said to be the abode of a holy man named Hammed es-Samman. His duty was to guard its entrance, for beneath it was a stone passage that led directly to what was remembered as an underground 'city' or 'palace'.

That was at the end of 1998. No further information was forthcoming until May 2005, when during a research trip to Giza the author was introduced to a local business entrepreneur named Ali es-Samman. He knew very well the legend of Hammad es-Samman, explaining that until recently the saint had been venerated during an annual festival organized by the inhabitants of Nazlet es-Samman. More significantly, Ali was himself a living descendent of Hammad es-Samman, adding that the truth about the well had been kept secret until now, its significance being known only to a handful of village elders. According to Ali it did indeed link to an underground passageway which led, eventually, to a subterranean 'city' located beneath the modern village.

Incredibly, Ali went on to reveal the whereabouts of the well. He said it was located beneath one of several sacred sycamore fig trees, located in the heart of the modern Islamic cemetery Aish el-Ghurob ('bread of the crow') in the south-east corner of the plateau. Stunned, I asked whether I might be able to visit this holy place, and was told 'yes', we could go there the following day. It is important to emphasise here that prior to this time there had been very few references to this well in any of the hundreds of books written on the history of the monuments on the Giza plateau, and even then its significance had not been recognised.

So the next day, after dodging the secret police that linger around the Sphinx entrance on to the plateau in the company a guide, and paying baksheesh to the guardians of the cemetery, the author found himself being ushered past rows of white painted box tombs into the presence of one of Giza's lost holy sites.

The well, called Beer es-Samman, meaning the "well of the samman bird", is extremely old, being shown on the very earliest maps of the plateau. Its crystal-clear water, drunk by all who frequent the cemetery, comes from subterranean fissures that might easily break through to underground chambers and passages deep beneath the plateau.

Whilst at Beer es-Samman, standing beneath the shade of a mature sycamore fig tree (known as el-gomez in Arabic), a descendant of one mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts, I noticed just how close the well was to the north face of a prominent rocky knoll, situated some 150 metres to the south.

Known today as Gebel Ghibli (or Qibli), Arabic for 'southern hill', this enigmatic rock formation rises to a height of 60 metres (197 feet) above sea-level and lies approximately 400 metres due south of the Sphinx.

From the north, where the Giza pyramids are located, Gebel Ghibli seems to stick out like some kind of age-old primeval mound. Was there any evidence that this area might hold clues regarding Giza's greatest secret - the Underworld of the Soul of the Edfu texts?

Beside Sokar in Rostau

One clue regarding Gebel Ghibli's role at Giza is the Dream Stela, an inscribed stone slab set up between the paws of the Sphinx. It was erected by the pharaoh Thutmosis IV to commemorate the role played in his ascension to the throne by Harmachis (Hor-em-akhet, Horus in the Horizon), an ancient name for the monument. It refers to the Sphinx being located 'beside Sokar in Rostau', with Rostau being an ancient name for Giza. Significantly, Rostau means something like 'mouth of the passages'.

Sokar is arguably one of the oldest gods of ancient Egypt. He presided over death, resurrection, as well as the darkness of the tomb in which the dead lay in eternal slumber. Sokar is usually shown as a falcon-headed deity, either seated on a throne or wrapped as a mummy. He was guardian of the necropolis that served the ancient city of Memphis, and in particular the area of Rostau, ancient Giza, where once was to be found a shrine to Sokar known as the Shetayet. Although its location has never been determined, some Egyptologists believe it to have been in the vicinity of Gebel Ghibli, beneath which lies the well Beer es-Samman. More revealingly, Sokar has been identified with the mythical leader of the Edfu texts known as the Falcon, whose mythical precursors, the Primeaval Ones, were responsible for building Egypt's first temple and enclosure, on the banks of the lake containing the sacred island of creation.

Sokar of Rostau

The rocky knoll of Gebel Ghibli rises out of the plateau beyond the Sphinx.

Sokar's greatest rival, even by the Pyramid Age, was Osiris, the god of death and resurrection. His cult absorbed the falcon god's attributes and sites, until Sokar became simply Sokar-Osiris or even Ptah-Sokar-Osiris, after Ptah, the creator god of Memphis, whose cult also absorbed that of Sokar. Even though Osiris most probably started as a vegetation god of the Nile Delta, associated with cycles of regeneration, he quickly usurped Sokar's role as 'Lord of Rostau'. Even the Shetayet, the lost shrine of Sokar, evolved into the 'Tomb of Osiris'.

Yet one place that Sokar continued to rule was the duat, the Egyptian underworld, or netherworld, seen as both a physical realm beneath the earth, and also as a region of the night sky associated with the Egyptian afterlife. Ancient funerary texts, specifically the Am-duat, the 'Book of that which is in the Underworld', found inscribed on funerary papyri and on the walls of tombs during Egypt's New Kingdom period, c. 1575-1214 BC, speak of Sokar as governing the subterranean realm of Rostau. The deceased pharaoh in his role as the sun-god would have to navigate through this duat in order to reach an afterlife among the stars.

The ancient Egyptians believed that the trials and tribulation that the soul of the dead pharaoh would have to undergo on his dark journey through the underworld were reflected in the sun's journey through the hours of the night. As the sun-god, the solar orb was seen to enter the duat-underworld at sunset and travel via an imaginary tunnel beneath the earth, before emerging again at dawn on the eastern horizon. This strange chthonic realm was seen to be populated by multitudes of snakes, demons and spirits, and was divided into twelve 'hours', or divisions, reflecting the passage of the deceased's soul across the midnight hours.

The Fourth and Fifth Hours of the duat, where the pharaoh as the sun-god approached the midnight hour, were the dominion of Sokar. They even bear titles such as the 'House of Sokar', the 'Land of Sekri' (another form of the name Sokar) and, more significantly, Rostau, i.e. Giza. So different are the descriptions of the deceased's navigation through the Fourth and Fifth Hours of the duat, as opposed to the other ten hours, that Egyptian Egyptologist Selim Hassan (1893-1961) wrote that they must be interpolations stemming from a separate tradition dealing solely with the underworld of Giza-Rostau. Moreover, he wrote that a physical representation of the duat-underworld might once have existed at Giza, especially since representations of the Fourth and Fifth Hours seemed to reflect the manner in which the plateau slopes down from northwest to southeast as viewed from its southeast corner, i.e. from the vicinity of the Aish el-Ghorab cemetery lying beneath the shadow of Gebel Ghibli.

In the Fifth Hour Sokar is pictured standing on a double- or multi-headed serpent, holding its wings apart. Both figures appear on an oval-shaped island. This is guarded by a double-headed sphinx known as the aker-lion (akeru in plural). It is also surrounded by a waterway. Unquestionably the island is a representation of the mound of creation in the primeval waters. Elsewhere the aker-lions are said to protect the entrance and exit to the duat-underworld, symbolising, respectively, the point at which the sun disappears at sunset and rises again at dawn. Selim Hassan equated the aker-lion with Giza's Sphinx monument, which guards the eastern entrance to the plateau (as has Mark Lehner), while a mythical location in funerary texts known as the 'Highlands of Aker' has been identified as another name for the hills that encircle Giza.

Sokar standing on a serpent in the Fifth Hour of the Duat, called Rostau.

Not even the sun-god was allowed to penetrate Sokar's secret chamber during his nocturnal journey into an afterlife among the stars, reached following his release from the duat into the pre-dawn light of the eastern horizon. Instead, the soul of the deceased is pulled along on his night-barque over the top of a conical pyramid-mound often drawn above the aforementioned oval-shaped island on which Sokar stands.

Was the island on water in the Land of Sekri the same as the primeval mound of the Edfu texts? If the Shetayet of Sokar was located in the vicinity of Gebel Ghibli, as seems likely, then the presence beneath its northern face of the well Beer es-Samman, with its legend concerning subterranean passages leading to either a mythical 'palace' or 'city', was of deep interest. Did the well mark the site of the Shetayet of Sokar, where the entrance - or indeed the eastern exit - to Rostau, the 'mouth of the passages', was to be found?

Could additional evidence help confirm Gebel Ghibli's role in this fascinating saga? We shall see now how Giza's southern hill was used during the Pyramid Age not only as a survey point (as it has been again in modern times), but that it also features in landscape geometry that implies some kind of unified plan, or 'grand design', that decided the placement, and maybe even the visual perspective, of the Giza Pyramids.

Five
The Cygnus Correlation

Since pharaonic times the Great Pyramid has been associated with the stars. Its air shafts and descending corridor are thought to align to stars, while as late as medieval times star worshippers called Sabaeans came to from Syria to Giza on pilgrimages to venerate the Great Pyramid as the expression of a specific star. Thus when in 1993 Robert Bauval and Adrian Gilbert in their super bestseller The Orion Mystery saw the three 'belt' stars of Orion as defining the ground-plan of the Giza Pyramids the theory met with considerable enthusiasm. However, not all were convinced by this 'Orion correlation theory' (OCT), as it became known, since its accuracy left much to the imagination.

Among the dissenters was chartered engineer Rodney Hale, C.Eng MIET, a friend and colleague of the author. He attempted to superimpose the Orion belt stars upon a plan of the Giza Pyramids. Matching the stars -Alnitak and Alnilam - to the Great and Second Pyramid was easy, but the third star, Mintaka, fell way short of marking the apex of the Third Pyramid. In fact, it did not even hit the pyramid. Extending out this ground-sky overlay to incorporate other nearby pyramids was even less accurate.

This had always troubled Hale, and whilst working on a research project with the present author to understand the importance in the ancient mindset of the Northern Cross, the constellation of the celestial swan Cygnus, he had a flash of inspiration. He wondered what would happen if the three main 'wing' stars of Cygnus - Gienah (epsilon Cygni), Sadr (gamma Cygni) and Delta Cygni (it has no other name) - which form an arrangement similar to that of the Orion belt stars, were to be superimposed on Giza's pyramid field?

The answer is that the stars matched very well the geographic positions of the three main pyramids. In addition to this, another key star in Cygnus, the second brightest in the constellation, named Albireo, situated at the base of the constellation's cruciform design, was found to fall upon the heights of Gebel Ghibli, while Cygnus's brightest star, Deneb, was denoted by a huge stone mastaba (labeled 'Lepsius 14') in Giza's western cemetery, west of the Great Pyramid.

Star overlays at Giza. The stars of Cygnus in red. Those of Orion in green.

Hale and the author also determined that the star Deneb, as viewed from Giza at the start of the Pyramid Age, would have risen over the Cairo suburb of Matariyeh, which once formed part of the ancient cult centre of Heliopolis (the biblical city of On), meaning 'city of the sun'. Here was to be found another holy well named Ain-shams, Arabic for 'eye of the sun'. This lies beneath a very ancient sycamore fig, just like it counterpart at Giza. The earliest descendent of this tree at Heliopolis was sacred to the sky-goddess Nut (pronounced nu-it or noot), who seems to have been a personification of the Milky Way as it arches over the earth at night. Nut was said to have given birth each day to the sun-god Ra from a region of the Milky Way known as the Great Rift, where the stars of Cygnus are to be found. She was also said to have given birth to the falcon-headed Horus, a stellar counterpart to Sokar, which, as we shall see, might well have defined Cygnus's role as a celestial falcon in ancient Egyptian astronomy.

At Giza the sacred sycamore, or gomez tree, was sacred to the goddess Hathor, who like her Heliopolitan counterpart Nut, bore the title 'Mistress of the Sycamore'. Hathor was the female patron of Giza, and a strange legend preserved even today speaks of how she fed on the blood of the dead in the necropolis by eating of the crimson red fruit of the gomez in the Islamic cemetery. Local folk tradition records how if a woman wishes to get pregnant she repairs to Beer es-Samman and here eats of the fruit of the gomez, which, through its distinctive appearance, has become a universal symbol of fertility (fig leaves even feature in the biblical story of the garden of Eden).

Hathor in her role as a sky-goddess was, like Nut, the mother of the falcon god Horus, her name even meaning the 'house of Horus', a reference to her cosmic womb. Also like Nut, who was perhaps merely an extension of the same goddess, Hathor was most likely a personification of the Milky Way. It was Horus with whom every pharaoh was associated in life, whilst the king's mother and wife were usually identified with Hathor.

The relationship between Nut at Heliopolis and Hathor at Giza, connected respectively by their own sacred trees and holy wells, and linked through the influence of Cygnus, only strengthens the case for the constellation's influence in ancient Egyptian astronomy.

Heliopolis was where the astronomer-priests responsible for the design of the Giza Pyramids would have lived and taught their arts. It is towards Heliopolis that American Egyptologist Mark Lehner, the director of the Giza Plateau Mapping Project, believes the pyramids are aligned.

Immediately the author's Cygnus-Giza correlation was published it ignited a ferocious debate which drew in Robert Bauval and his supporters - was Cygnus or Orion the better match at Giza? The author realized very quickly that he would have to verify his claims regarding Cygnus, and so once again the services of technical engineer Rodney Hale were sought.

Six
The Fourth Pyramid

In addition to checking the validity of the initial Cygnus-Giza correlation, which the author found remains compelling, other potential alignments at Giza were now investigated. For example, in 2005 the author had taken some shots of the Giza pyramids as viewed from the ruins of a 'sun' temple built by the pharaoh Userkaf, who initiated the Fifth Dynasty of Egyptian history, c. 2480 BC. The site is located just north of Abusir, a pyramid field some 13 kilometres (8 miles) south-southeast of Giza. Userkaf's sun-temple is one of only two such structures surviving, even though today it is little more than a scattering of desert-ravaged ruins.

American astronomer Dr Ronald Wells had proposed that the monument's raised causeway, which ran from the main temple down to a lower valley temple, was aligned to a sequence of stars used as a star-clock. The first star in the sequence was found to be Deneb, Cygnus's brightest star, with the last one being Sadr, Cygnus's central wing star, located at the centre of the Northern Cross. This discovery led Wells to consider that the star Deneb had in some way been special to Userkaf, who ruled directly after Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, the builders of the Giza Pyramids.

Looking at the photograph of the Giza pyramids, Rodney Hale now noticed that the perceived heights of the Giza Pyramids as viewed from Userkaf's sun-temple matched very closely the positions of the three Cygnus wing stars as they set in the north-west. This was easily confirmed by synchronizing the three stars over the apexes of their respective pyramids - Gienah with the Third Pyramid, Sadr with the Second Pyramid and delta Cygni with the Great Pyramid, exactly the same order as the original Cygnus-Giza overlay.

On learning of this new match, the author checked survey measurements made during his visit to Userkaf's sun-temple, hoping to find that the recorded azimuth bearings of the Giza Pyramids would permit the three Cygnus wing stars to set down into their respective pyramids as viewed from this spot during the Pyramid Age. Yet Userkaf's sun-temple was located too far south of east for this to have happened with any accuracy. An observation point where this might have occurred, visibility permitting, would have to be at an azimuth much closer to south-east.

This fact aside, something did immediately become apparent. The projected line of sight which would have enabled the witnessing of Cygnus's wing stars setting into their respective pyramids was traceable much closer to the Giza plateau. Having scanned the local landscape, the author realized instantly where this was - Gebel Ghibli, Giza's southern hill. This seemed beyond coincidence.

Thus a line was projected from the summit of Gebel Ghibli through the centre point of the Second Pyramid, giving an azimuth bearing of approximately 307 degrees. The author then ascertained the setting point of Sadr, the pyramid's corresponding Cygnus star as viewed from Giza in 2600 BC, and found that this too was 307 degrees, meaning that the star would have extinguished, i.e. set, into the vertical centre line of the Second Pyramid as viewed from Gebel Ghibli during this age. Remember, it was the star Sadr that represented the Second Pyramid in the Cygnus-Giza gound-sky overlay.

More revelations were to follow. If this Sadr setting line was followed away from the plateau then at a position some two and a half kilometres from the Second Pyramid all three Cygnus wing stars would indeed have been seen setting into their corresponding pyramids. This certainly made sense of why the heights of each corresponding pyramid conformed perfectly with the astronomical positions of the Cygnus wing stars as viewed from this all important line.

One amazing fact concerning the three Giza pyramids is that their apexes form a perfect arc, and if the centre of this circle is traced it falls precisely on the Sadr setting line, close to where the three Cygnus wing stars set into their corresponding pyramids. Is this all simply coincidence?

This was extraordinary confirmation of Cygnus's role at Giza, and subsequent research carried out by Rodney Hale and the author uncovered a number of other major alignments featuring Gebel Ghibli, Giza and Cygnus. Such findings made sense of ancient texts, as well as medieval Arabian stories that spoke of each pyramid representing an individual star.

The star Deneb setting into the apex of Giza's Second Pyramid.

In addition to this, it was found that as viewed from Gebel Ghibli during the Pyramid Age, Cygnus's brightest star Deneb set down each night into the peak of the Second Pyramid.

On top of this was another compelling fact. Inside the Great Pyramid is a bare room high within its solid stone interior known as the King's Chamber. It contains a large granite sarcophagus orientated north-south. For many years writers have speculated as to why the King's Chamber, which some believe once contained the mummy of King Khufu, is positioned south of the monument's vertical centre line at an angle of just over 6 degrees. One quite incredible solution presents itself. In the Pyramid Age, the star Deneb culminated its nightly transit at 83.48 degrees, some 6.12 degrees north of Giza's zenith point, precisely in opposition to the King's Chamber's offset.

Anyone, whether dead or alive, lying within the chamber's sarcophagus, with their head in the south and their feet to the north, could have symbolically gazed up through the apex of the Great Pyramid to witness Deneb crossing the meridian each night. Putting it another way, once each day Deneb synchronised perfectly with the apex of the Great Pyramid as viewed from the sarcophagus in the King's Chamber. The fact that the two air-shafts in the north and south walls of the King's Chamber are thought to target the culmination of stars crossing the meridian makes this new Cygnus alignment totally viable. No other star crosses this same path during the Pyramid Age, making it a unique celestial phenomenon with profound implications to the concept of the soul's journey into an afterlife among the northern stars.

Many of the alignments identified by Rodney Hale at Giza feature Gebel Ghibli, which was almost certainly the plateau's original survey point. Yet it is much more than simply a convenient hill to be used for surveying purposes. It bears two alternative names in Arabic - one being al-Hadbah, meaning the 'high place', a name with religious connotations especially in Semitic religions. The other is 'Tarfiya', an ancient word meaning the 'first place', or the 'place of beginnings', alluding to the hill's role as a primeval mound, from which all else in the outside world took form. Among the geometry fixed on Gebel Ghibli is a north-south datum, or meridian, line that targets the Sphinx monument. Right angles taken from this datum line to each of the three pyramids create perfect Pythagorean triangles with single number figure ratios 3:4, 5:2 and 7:1. Since such ratios were found by Pythagoras to determine the interludes in musical scales, Giza's Pythagorean geometry expresses the idea that Gebel Ghibli can be seen as the point of first creation from which emanated primary tones that effected creation in the outside world.

In addition to the profound geometry showing Gebel Ghibli's importance in the grand design at Giza, it plays another significant role as well.

There are clear indications from the ancient texts that the entombed body of Osiris was brought from the nearby Nile to Giza for interment. Indeed, it is said that the 'Tomb of Osiris' can be found at Rostau, ancient Giza. Many have attempted to understand these claims, with most concluding that the body of Osiris lies somewhere either in the vicinity of Gebel Ghibli or beneath the plateau somewhere in its physical representation of the duat-underworld.

When viewed on the line between Gebel Ghibli and the vertical centre line of the Great Pyramid, and only from this line, the hill bears an uncanny resemblance to a mummified human form lying on its back, its arms crossed over its chest and its feet raised upright. Incredibly, this is how Osiris is represented lying in rest after his evil brother Set tricked him into a coffin, which was then sealed and cast into the Nile close to Giza, before being retrieved by his wife Isis and interred at Rostau.

Since Osiris usurped the role earlier played at Giza by Sokar, who is also depicted as a mummified human although with the head of a falcon instead of that of a man, it is possible that Gebel Ghibli originally represented Sokar, not Osiris. A virtual beak-like protuberance is visible within the simulacra formed by Gebel Ghibli, and if this was recognized by the ancient Egyptians then it makes sense of why the Sheyatet or shrine of Sokar was said to have been located in this very area, arguably even in the vicinity of the well Beer es-Samman at its base.

The resemblance between the Osiriform body and the visual
appearance of Gebel Ghibli as seen from the Second Pyramid.

Since Sokar was a guardian of Rostau, the name given to the Fifth House of the duat-underworld, it makes sense to look for its entrance, or indeed exit, in the vicinity of Gebel Ghibli.

The mummified Sokar within the Mound of Creation, flipped horizontally to show the similarity with the simulacra at Gebel Ghibli, the proposed Tomb of Osiris and shrine of Sokar.

If so, then Beer es-Samman becomes the most obvious candidate for such an entrance. The belief held locally by village elders that it allowed access to a tunnel system that led eventually to a subterranean 'city' or 'palace' should be taken very seriously indeed. Moreover, the author has recently uncovered evidence that the subterranean passage that leads away from Beer es-Samman is said to link to another well 400 metres to the north-northeast in the Valley Temple of Khafre, just beyond the right paw of the Sphinx. This is exactly where Edgar Cayce predicted an entrance to a passageway leading to the Hall of Records would be found.

The role played at Giza by Gebel Ghibli and the well Beer es-Samman was becoming clearer, but why exactly was Cygnus so important to the ancient Egyptian mindset, especially at Giza? Would its role at Giza help us to uncover even more about the plateau's chthonic domain?

Eight
He Who Unfolds Two Wings

The protective wings of a bird, particularly the hawk, falcon or vulture, were very significant in the funerary religion of ancient Egypt. The soul, or ba, of the deceased was depicted as a human-headed falcon on its journey into an afterlife among the stars, while a protective falcon is shown squatting with its wings outspread on the roof of the shrine on Sokar's henu-boat. A similar protective falcon is seen on the roof of Osiris's funerary shrine, and often the pharaoh was depicted as a child beneath the protective wings of Horus. Most famously, a life-size seated statue of Khafre - builder of the Second Pyramid - carved in hard speckled diorite and found down the aforementioned well in the Valley Temple of Khafre, next to the Sphinx, in the nineteenth century, shows a falcon on the king's shoulders with its protective wings embracing his neck. Was this protective role of the divine falcon the inspiration behind the Giza Pyramids being laid out to mimic the stars forming the outstretched wings of the celestial bird? If so, then can we go on to identify the constellation's role in ancient Egyptian cosmology?
Khafre with protective falcon.

In Egypt's New Kingdom, c. 1575-1087 BC, Giza's Great Sphinx bore the name Hor-em-akhet, Horus-in-the Horizon (the Greek Harmachis), a form of the god Horus the Elder, whose usual guise was as the divine falcon. Was it possible that the divine falcon of ancient Egyptian mythology was in some way connected with Cygnus's role as a protective influence over the Giza Pyramids?

The Sphinx was known as Hor-em-akhet, Horus in the Horizon.

Both Horus and Sokar, the underworld god of Rostau, are likely to have had a common ancestor in a stellar falcon god known as Dwn-'nwy (pronounced dun-neu-wi). He is mentioned several times in the Pyramid Texts, c. 2350 BC, alongside other principal gods such as Osiris, Thoth and Atum. More significantly, Dwn-'nwy features among a group of sky figures shown together on astronomical ceilings found in tombs as far back as 1475 BC.

The falcon god Dwn-'nwy.

This familiar group (see below), which include a hippo-croc hybrid, an ox's foreleg or complete bull, and the falcon man Dwn-'nwy, are thought to represent key constellations of the northern sky, especially those in the vicinity of the northern celestial pole. As to their identifies, there are only a few certainties. The Ox foreleg, or bull, known as Mšhtyw, is unquestionably the seven stars of the Big Dipper, or Plough, part of the constellation we know today as Ursa Major, the Great Bear. The hippo-croc has been identified as the constellation Draco, the celestial dragon, while the falcon man Dwn-'nwy was identified as early as 1932 by distinguished British Egyptologist Gerald Wainwright, an expert in ancient Egypt's sky-religion, as made up of stars from the constellation Cygnus, the Northern Cross.

The northern sky group from the ceiling of the tomb of Rameses VI.

Dwn-'nwy, whose name means 'he who unfolds two wings', is shown repeatedly holding between his outstretched hands either a rope, a pole or spear that extends to touch or reach the bull or ox foreleg constellation. Wainwright saw this link as reflecting the very similar relationship between Cygnus and Ursa Major, which spar around each other with the stars of Draco between them.

Following Wainwright's lead, Czech Egyptologist Zbynek Zaba, and after him French Egyptologist and astronomer Jean-Philippe Lauer and Italian mathematician and metrologist Livio Stecchini, wrote that the visual relationship between certain stars in Cygnus and those of Ursa Major were utilised during the Pyramid Age to determine true north, towards which the entrances to almost all pyramids and mastaba tombs were orientated. This symbolic meridian line, universally seen among indigenous cultures as a sky-rope or ladder stretching from the northern horizon to the southern horizon via the zenith point, was utilized to access a heaven conceived of as existing beyond Ursa Major and Draco in the vicinity of the Cygnus constellation.

The rope, pole or spear held by Dwn-'nwy and attached to the ox foreleg, or bull, constellation has long been thought to represent the meridian line, and new research by Rodney Hale and the author ably shows that this was indeed the case. Moreover, this line was created using the star Sadr in Cygnus along with Megrez and Phecda in the Big Dipper, which when aligned comes within 30 arc minutes of true north. More significantly, at the beginning of Giza's pyramid building phase, Sadr crossed the meridian in the northern night sky close to midnight at the time of the summer solstice, the new year in ancient Egypt, when Sirius returned to the night sky after a period of 70 days in the underworld and the Nile inundation brought new life to the Nile valley. Six months later at midnight on the winter solstice, the meridian line was reversed with Cygnus beneath the horizon (i.e. in the underworld) and its place taken by the stars of Leo, the celestial lion, which, it has been argued, was identified with both the Great Sphinx and Hor-em-akhet, Horus in the Horizon.

It thus becomes clear why Sadr, Cygnus's central cross star, might have played such a crucial role in the alignment of the Giza monuments. It helped mark the passing of the old year, and a bringing forth of a new one - the passage of time and time cycles of crucial important to the ancient Egyptians. This is why, according to the findings of astronomer Dr Ronald Wells, Sadr appears as the last in a sequence of early morning stars used as a star-clock during the reign of Userkaf.

Cygnus played other roles in ancient Egypt as well, from the vulva or womb of the sky-goddess Nut to the cosmic bird Gengen-wer, who brought the universe into manifestation through its honk or call. Even though the constellation's greater significance has not previously been recognized by Egyptologists, there is no doubt that it was an important constellation in Egyptian myth and religion. Moreover, it was seen as the entrance to the sky-world in various cultures around the world.

Cygnus is arguably the oldest constellation in the world, being seen as a bird since Palaeolithic times, when Deneb, Cygnus's brightest star, bore the role of Pole Star. In otherw words, Cygnus was seen to turn about the northern celestial pole each night, without ever setting, why in shamanic traditions around the world the sky-pole was often shown with a swan on top. It is even shown as a bird on a pole in a fresco dated c. 15,000 BC in the famous caves at Lascaux in southern France.

The well-scene at Lascaux showing Cygnus as a bird on a pole, representing the pole star and cosmic axis of the universe.

Cygnus has since Palaeolithic times been seen variously as the womb, vulva or navel of the Cosmic Mother, through which the world was linked via an imaginary umbilical cord, symbolised either by the Milky Way or meridian line. Key prehistoric and ancient sites worldwide were created to reflect on the ground the influence of the Cygnus stars, particularly at Newgrange in Ireland and Cuzco in Peru. Many other sites bore specific stellar alignments featuring Cygnus including Gobekli Tepe in southeast Turkey, Avebury in southern England, Alas Stenar in Sweden and Great Circle in Newark, Ohio. Everywhere in the world its stars formed an integral part in cults relating to the process of death and rebirth.

Thus Cygnus's role in ancient Egypt cannot be seen in isolation. It was fundamental in the creation of Egypt's earlier myths, particularly those associated with the sky-world and its shadow counterpart in the underworld.

At Giza Cygnus is represented on the ground as the constellation as it might appear when upside down beneath the earth, i.e. in the duat-underworld, and thus as the chthonic falcon god Sokar. His 'feet' (represented by the star Albireo) are thus on Gebel Ghibli, with his head in the northwest close to where the star Deneb falls in Cygnus-Giza ground-sky correlation. In the illustration showing Sokar's dominion over the Fifth House of the duat-underworld, the falcon-headed figure is shown on an island surrounded by a waterway, very likely an illusion to Gebel Ghibli as the primeval mound. He stands on a double or multi-headed serpent, which in celestial terms is the constellation of Draco, which when Cygnus is in the underworld hangs above the northern horizon like a string of beads, its head only out of view below the earth - a striking pose that in Graeco-Roman times gained it the title Akephalos, the Headless One.

In chthonic terms the serpent signifies the duat-underworld, sometimes described in Egyptian funerary texts as the backbone or body of a serpent, through which the midnight sun has to pass on his journey into the afterlife. It has been proposed elsewhere that Gebel Ghibli is the simulacrum of a head of a snake, its body being the hills that encircle the plateau. As an extension of this idea, the multiple heads of the snake can be seen quite literally as 'the mouths of the passages', an allusion to the entrances to Giza's own subterranean realm preserved in the ancient name Rostau. That Sokar stands upon the serpent is evidence of his dominion over Rostau's duat-underworld.

The waterway in the illustration is at the same time the underground waters that run through the natural fissures beneath the plateau and feed wells such as Beer es-Samman, as well as the former extension of the Nile that once flowed past the plateau. Celestially, the running water is the Milky Way, known in ancient Egypt as the Winding Waterway, over which the deceased must cross on his way to the starry realm. It was from the Cygnus region of the Milky Way that life was seen to originate, and thus it was here that the pharaoh had to reach in order to become a star himself.

But where exactly were the 'mouths' of Giza's chthonic serpent, the entrances to its duat-underworld? One 'mouth', the eastern exit, from which the sun emerged at dawn, was most probably Beer es-Samman, situated at the base of Gebel Ghibli, just 400 metres from the Sphinx monument. Yet where was the western entrance, in to which the sun disappeared at night? Selim Hassan noted how similar the illustration of the Fifth House of the duat-underworld, with its view of Sokar on the island, was to the plateau's gradually descending slope which starts in the northwest and runs down to the southeast. In the knowledge that Beer es-Samman is in the southeast corner of the plateau, then it seems likely that the serpent's 'mouth' acting as the entrance to Giza's duat-underworld was at its north-western extreme. Was this really possible? Was there truly another entrance to Giza's hidden realm somewhere in the northwestern corner of the plateau. It seems possible, and only one candidate came to mind - the enigmatic Tomb of the Birds.

Nine
Tomb of the Birds

In May 2005, when the well Beer es-Samman was discovered in Giza's Islamic cemetery, the author had also visited the site where the star Deneb fell on the plateau's ground-sky overlay. Nothing of any obvious value could be discerned, prompting the question of why this area on the edge of the western cemetery might be so important. This had led to the consultation of old plans of the plateau, and one in particular seemed of special significance. Composed in 1837 by British engineer John Shae Perring, working alongside British explorer Col Howard Vyse, it showed a site marked as 'pits and chambers of bird mummies'. The feature, composed of a series of chambers and parallel corridors, was shown in dotted lines indicating that it was cut deeply into the rock of the plateau's northern cliff.

Research into this 'Tomb of the Birds' revealed that in 1836-7 Vyse and Perring uncovered here the bodies of mummified birds (as well as those of some animals), signalling the presence here of a cult in honour of a specific god associated with birds in some way. Unfortunately, Vyse and Perring left no indication as to what type of birds were wrapped as mummies. Only one was mentioned specifically, and all that was said is that the bird was of great size. Most likely the birds were either raptors, thus indicating the cult of Horus or Sokar, or ibises, which were sacred to Thoth, the god of writing and the moon. He was guardian of a flint box contained in a hidden chamber that Khufu sought in vain to find in order to build the Great Pyramid. This story, told in a text recorded in the so-called Westcar Papyrus, makes it clear that something of immense value was contained in this box, something that belonged to a bygone era, and was eagerly sought after by Khufu. What was this item? Was it a secret locked in darkness within Giza's subterranean realm?

In January 2007 the author visited the Tomb of the Birds for the first time, sensing that it held important clues regarding Giza's Cygnus-Giza correlation. It is a large, spacious tomb with a deep cut façade and an opening towards the north, the direction of the afterlife in ancient Egyptian theology.

The entrance corridor to the Tomb of the Birds at Giza.

Only after the author had visited the Tomb of the Birds for the first time did he come to realise that it conformed to some rigid landscape geometry determined again by Rodney Hale. A perfect 3:4:5 Pythagorean triangle could be drawn linking the heights of Gebel Ghibli with the Sphinx, the apexes of the Great and Second Pyramid and the Tomb of the Birds. One side of this triangle was the north-south datum line, while another was the Sadr setting line that locks in the apex of the Second Pyramid with Gebel Ghibli. Thus as viewed from Gebel Ghibli, the wing star Sadr set down behind the Second Pyramid into a position on the horizon corresponding to the Tomb of the Birds.

Other landscape geometry at Giza seemed also to emphasise the significance of the location of the Tomb of the Birds. More incredibly, the author then discovered that in 1816-7 Egypt's British Consul General Henry Salt, working alongside the famous Italian explorer Giovanni Caviglia, had visited the same area of the plateau and gained access in one particular tomb to what Salt would later describe in his memoirs as a series of 'catacombs'. These were explored for a distance of several hundred yards before the two men came across an enormous hewn chamber, adjoined to three others of equal size and shape. From these led various 'labyrinthick' passages, some of which Caviglia explored, before both men retreated having apparently found no treasure.

This recollection of a cave system long thought to have existed at Giza is found among Salt's personal diaries, which languished unnoticed in the British Museum for over 190 years before being rediscovered again recently, and published with a suitable commentary by a team of editors. They offered their own insights into the places mentioned by Salt in connection with Giza, and with reference to the tomb containing the entrance to the catacombs, they adjudged it to be in the northern most extreme of its western cemetery.

Yet keen eyed Egyptological writer-researcher Nigel Skinner Simpson, working in concert with the author, quickly realised that the editors of the memoirs had got it wrong, and that the real site indicated by Salt as the entrance to the catacombs was somewhere in the vicinity of the Tomb of the Birds. Arguably it was the tomb itself, yet since two others were to be found in the same vicinity, further work was needed to determine which one concealed a possible entrance to Giza's hidden realm.

The author was convinced that it had to be the Tomb of the Birds since it was the largest of the three tombs, and one of the other two he had visited back in January 2007. it was a small, single roomed affair, and unlikely to conceal some great secret. More likely was the Tomb of the Birds, which not only featured in Giza's Cygnus-based ground-sky correlation, but had also produced the mummified remains of birds, either raptors or ibises, suggesting that it had become a shrine to a deity with chthonic attributions, most obviously either Sokar or Thoth, both of whom have been linked with Giza's subterranean world. Moreover, the sun at midsummer when viewed from the Sphinx Temple sets exactly between the Great and Second Pyramid, very close to the position on the west-northwestern horizon of the Tomb of the Birds. Thus it might have been seen that the sun, as viewed from the Sphinx area, set down into this tomb, which acted as the entrance 'mouth' to the duat-underworld.

The fact that Salt and Caviglia had explored Giza's catacombs for a distance of several hundred yards before giving up implied that if these presumably nature fissures followed the natural contours of the plateau's geology and gradually headed east towards the main pyramid field, then it meant that they could easily link up with a whole labyrinthine network of cave tunnels that existed beneath the pyramids. These in turn would link with underground waterways, one of which carries water to the well Beer es-Samman, another possible entrance to Giza's hidden realm. The whole system would be interlinked, and somewhere in here were the four hewn chambers entered by Salt and Caviglia, as well as other treasures of a bygone epoch.

Was the Tomb of the Birds really the western entrance to Giza's own physical representation of the serpent-like duat-underworld presided over by Sokar, whose visible 'tomb' was the all important hill of Gebel Ghibli?

Even though no obvious entrance to the catacombs had been discovered in the Tomb of the Birds by the author in January 2007, the author now became determined to get back there as soon as possible and search again. Through contact with the Association of Research of Enlightenment (ARE), the active wing of the Edgar Cayce Foundation, an organisation that has supported expeditions in search of the Hall of Records for the past 50 years. Suitably impressed by the author's findings, they agreed to sponsor a new exploration of the Tomb of the Birds.

Ten
'Wonderful News'

After several delays, this expeditation finally took place in March 2008. On Monday, 3rd March the author revisited the Tomb of the Birds in the company of Nigel Skinner-Simpson and his wife Sue. Exploring the deepest part of the tomb, they came across a small hole in a mudbrick wall, on the other side of which was another wall of stone and mortar. Shining the torch down into the void, a wonderful sight greeted them. It was a vast natural chasm-like chamber, partly hewn, that led into a cave system. The author pursued one cave tunnel for some distance, before he and a guide came under attack from bats, forcing them to beat their retreat.

A email sent the next day to John van Auken, the director of the ARE, began 'Wonderful news', echoing Carter's cable to Lord Carnarvon following the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922. It went on to tell him that the author had at last located and entered Giza's cave system after nearly 200 years of obscurity.

The author at the entrance to Giza immense cave system.

Unfortunately, at this present time the author is unable to go into any detail regarding what he discovered, on this and a subsequent visit to the cave system, where he and his wife managed to travel a much greater distance into realms previously never described on paper. Suffice to say it was beyond all expectations, and as these words are being written further visits are planned to explore the site still further.
The furore that will inevitably surround the release of this information will be unimaginable. Within reach is the truth behind the Hall of Records. What Cayce and other psychics have predicted in connection with Giza's hidden realm now needs urgent reassessment, for we might well be on the verge of one of the greatest archaeological discoveries of all time. So let us try to understand just what it is that these individuals, and the Arab writers before them, tell us will be found beneath the pyramids.

The author in another part of Giza's incredible cave system.

Ten
What are the Hall of Records?

In this final chapter the author attempts to reconstruct the Hall of Records based on conventional knowledge drawn from various disparate sources.

For Edgar Cayce, Giza hidden realm concealed a Hall of Records, which, like the Library of Thoth, contained the wisdom of the ancients deposited before the time of the Flood. He said that an entrance would be found in the vicinity of the right paw of the Sphinx, and indeed we find that in this very vicinity is the Valley Temple of Khafre, in which is the well linked according to local legend via a tunnel with Beer es-Samman in the cemetery Aish el-Ghorab. This tunnel is said to lead to an underground 'palace' or 'city', almost certainly a reference to the Hall of Records.

America's 'sleeping prophet' Edgar Cayce (1877-1945)

In addition to this, the author is certain that Gebel Ghibli is 'the first pyramid builded', (341-8) where according to Cayce's readings members of a race that inhabited Giza prior to the rise of dynastic Egypt were interred. This 'mound [not] yet uncovered' faced 'that of the Mystery [of the Sphinx] (5540-5, see also 1717-1). The heights of Gebel Ghibli lie some 400 metres due south of the Sphinx, which can be seen side on, facing east, from this vantage point. Cayce's pyramid-mound is said to form an entrance to the 'Tomb of Records' (2329-3), another name for the Hall of Records. This is another indication that the well Beer es-Samman holds vital clues regarding another entrance into Giza's cave system, and arguably even an access route to what awaits discovery deep beneath the plateau.

For English mythic writer H Randall Stevens the chambers beneath the Sphinx monument were 'Halls of Initiation', where initiates could receive knowledge of the ultimate. Yet to Andrew's psychic colleague back in 1985 Giza's hidden realm consists of a series of chambers (one being the mysterious 'Green Chamber' - see below) recording the moment of first creation in the physical universe, an opinion that conforms very well with the Edfu building texts.

British mystic H Randall Stevens' conception of a Hall of initiation beneath the Sphinx monument.

Many Arab and Jewish writers spoke of what lies beneath the pyramids. All suggested that something of great importance would be found there. Universally they said it belonged to a civilization that pre-dated the dynastic race.

Very little indication of this race has ever emerged at Giza, or elsewhere in Egypt. However, the fact that Giza's cave system is formed from natural fissures in the bedrock, carved out by the passage of water across 10,000s if not 100,000s of years, now provides a perfect opportunity to search for evidence of human activity at Giza stretching back well beyond the Pyramid Age.

Egyptologists will probably claim that they have known about Giza's cave system for years. Even if this were true, to date nothing has ever been made public about them. No articles have appeared about either the caves, or their entrances, and no pictures have emerged into the public domain. In our opinion, the exploration of Giza's cave complex after nearly 200 years of obscurity is itself arguably one of the greatest discoveries on the plateau for a very long time. It is a story of international interest, with incredible ramifications.

Beyond this is the knowledge that leading Egyptologists, currently engaged in excavations at Giza, do firmly believe that some kind of Hall of Records exists beneath the plateau. Yet in a move to distance themselves from the unorthodox ideas of Edgar Cayce, they have started to refer to it as the Green Chamber, strangely echoing the words of the author's own psychic friend. For them it is a physical expression of the cosmological wisdom and teachings of Thoth, vestiges of which are contained in the so-called Emerald Tablets of Hermes (the Greek name for Thoth). It from this text that we gain the basic hermetic tenet of 'As above, so below', something that is very applicable for the ground-sky relationship at Giza.

Such a belief creates a more acceptable vision of the Hall of Records, not just for the Egyptological community, but also for Arab Egyptologists, since it takes away nothing from the accepted origins of the ancient Egyptian race, whom they prize as their own ancestors. In Islamic tradition Hermes (and thus Thoth) is the prophet Idris (the Jewish Enoch), who brought back the children of God to the true faith through his profound wisdom and teachings. That Idris might have concealed the true wisdom and teachings of God in Egypt, which one day might be found and used to unite all those who have strayed from the true faith is a powerful message, and one that will remain poignant in the decades and even centuries to come.

City of the Titans

I was working in the studio of Artan Gro when I heard a great laugh behind me. If ever there was derision in a laugh, there was derision in this one. I flung down my gaudy brushes and my palette and turned about in a rage--to find the master himself, his red cave of a mouth wide open in his black beard. I cooled my temper with an effort; for great indeed is Artan Gro, master artist of Sub Atlan.
"I am sorry, Mutan Mion," he gasped, "but I can't control my laughter. No one ever has conceived, much less executed, anything worse than what you have put upon canvas! What do you call it, 'Proteus in a Convulsive Nightmare'?"

By Glenn Kreisberg, Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum Engineer

What evidence exists, and what kind of evidence may come to light, to support such a claim?

There is also no doubt that many ancient cultures had a connection with nature and natural forces that was fundamental and could only be described as intimate and profound in ways we moderns can merely attempt to comprehend.

From ancient times to today, humans have demonstrated an inherent curiosity and the desire to understand mysterious and odd phenomena, signs and images. For the vanished civilizations and cultures of Egypt, Sumer, and other early civilizations, and actually for the entire lapsed time of humankind, there remain many unsolved and unsettled images, messages, texts, tablets, artefacts, inscriptions, engravings, schemes, and phenomena that suggest a connection to unseen forces.

It has been noted by many that the designs and motifs of ancient architecture often reflect and in many ways try to mimic the patterns, signs and signals found to occur naturally in our environment. Most significant, for the purposes of this report, are the many variations of the basic waveforms, be it sine wave, saw-tooth wave, box wave or the endless variety of spirals and wave forms that adorn ancient cave wall, temples, and structures and appear in architecture, scrolls, tablets and inscriptions throughout the ancient world.

Fig. 1 The dragon or serpent is an ancient Chinese symbol for an unseen force. This one appears to take the shape of a box tooth wave.

As I have mentioned, the EM Spectrum exists naturally, occurring as a part of our natural environment. And again, acknowledging the ancients� intimacy and interdependency with nature, it would not be surprising if they possessed some knowledge of this naturally occurring �tool.???

Fig. 2 Mayan Pyramid of Kukulkan at Chichen Itza has a saw tooth wave form built into its architecture.

Electromagnetic radiation has been around since the birth of the universe; light is its most familiar form. Electric and magnetic fields are part of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, which extends from static electric and magnetic fields, through radiofrequency and infrared radiation, to X-rays

But is it possible that the ability to manipulate the particles and waves of the EM spectrum was discovered and developed even earlier than written history suggests? Could it be that many of the symbols, images, architectures, and myths of ancient cultures are representations reflecting the possession of such knowledge?

Fig. 3 Saw tooth wave representation

Fig. 4 Sine wave representation

On the Egyptian temples Smutny continues, � If we see plans for the Valley temple at Spynx, or of the Mortuary temple at Chaphre's pyramid, or the Mortuary temple at Menkaure pyramid, or also of Osereion from Abydos, to a person familiar with the basics of computer techniques, or even better to person experienced with construction of microwave circuits in bands above 1 Gigahertz (GHz), he will tell you that these plans are schemes of PCBs (boards for electronic circuits).???

If, as Smutny suggests, these tapestry patterns and temple layouts are representations of fragmentary remnants from long lost science, what could have been the original source, other than a previously existing technologically advanced civilization? Of course more evidence is needed before any solid conclusions can be drawn.

Fig. 5 Photo showing Neolithic �lobe??? construction of the Temple of Mnajdra on Malta
Photo courtesy Sacredsites.com

The oval multi-chambered configuration of the Maltese temples would allow signals formed from groups of air particles, before output, to be amplified in a second parallel opposite oval spaces of the temple. This would be analogous with a resonator. To support his theory, Smutny points to the massive blocks used for construction of the complexes, noting they are a very good resonant material.

As a radio frequency engineer, I find these possibilities fascinating, and while pondering them I had a bit of a revelation: Namely, A birds-eye view of the temple structure and configurations in Malta, in many ways closely resemble an antenna propagation pattern with it's main beam lobe, side lobes, and nulls (between the lobes). See Fig. 4.

Fig. 6 An illustration showing the similarities of the Hagar Qim Temple compound layout on Malta when compared to a typical 800 MHz wireless antenna pattern

I believe lobe was a word Graham Hancock specifically used in Underworld to describe the temple structures on Malta. And, when Hancock mentioned the unusual acoustics he encountered in the Hypogeum on Malta, I began researching anything that referred to those acoustics or a similar effect.

I design digital wireless networks utilizing the EM Spectrum, transmitters, receivers, modulators and antenna. I also do propagation prediction modeling using powerful computer programs. The program creates a model showing how a location will perform using different antenna, elevation, azimuths and power settings. Sites are chosen based on how well the location propagates a signal.

Is it possible a correlation exists between the Maltese temple architecture and antenna propagation patterns? Perhaps, but much more research and investigation is needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn. Certainly it can be said that the temple layout seems to conform strikingly to the characteristics of antenna propagation patterns.

Lets assume, for a moment, the ancient builders had knowledge and understanding of wave propagation. Perhaps early post-flood cultures possessed the knowledge and understood the purpose of unseen forces but lacked the functionality. If it was known and handed down through generations that a universal force existed that could be controlled for the benefit of all humans, would not every effort be made, no matter how futile the attempt, to resurrect and recreate that functionality? This in itself could account for the existence of many megalithic structures, about which many aspects and purpose humankind has puzzled since their very discoveries.

There is probably some truth in this theory but it has also been noted that it�s possible the stability of the tower had as much to do with the door heights as anything else. Basic physics dictates that the higher you could build before making an opening in the wall the stronger the base would be. Very often the towers were filled in, even as high as the doorways.

Fig. 7 View of Irish Round Tower with conical cap intact.
Photo courtesy Sacredsites.com

In another article The Mysterious Round Towers of Ireland: Low Energy Radio in Nature; from The Explorer's Journal; Summer, 1993, Callahan gives further details of his discoveries: �Most books will tell you that the towers were places of refuge for the monks to hide from Vikings raiding Ireland. They were, no doubt, bell towers and lookouts for approaching raiders, but the speculations that monks escaped raiders, who no doubt knew how to smoke bees out of hives or climb the nine to 15 feet to the door, borders on the ludicrous. Round towers are perfectly designed to be totally useless for hiding people or church treasures.???

Fig. 8 Diagram of two Irish Round Towers. To me their design and appearance suggests a large scale version on a wind instrument, i.e. clarinet

Were Irish monks aware of these properties and were thus prompted to build their high doors? At every tower Callahan measured, there was a direct correlation between the height of the tower door and the strength of the waves. That the highly amplified waves occur in the meditative and electrical anesthesia portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is of utmost significance. In 1963, G. Walter researched brain EEG waves from 0.5 to 3 Hz (Delta region) and found anti-infectious effects.

Is it possible that the purpose for which many of the megalithic structures around the world were constructed was to receive or gather, process or focus and transmit or distribute naturally occurring electromagnetic energy? Could the Ancients have been aware of the medicinal and consciousness raising qualities of EM fields? There is much evidence to suggest they were.

The infant field of Radio Archeology:

Someone once said that science is like a game of darts. The surface of the dartboard, albeit perhaps infinite, represents all the science there is to know. Each theory confirmed through experiment and scientific method, represents a dart hitting its mark on the dartboard of science. While the surface of the board may have many darts in it, most of it, as of yet, remains untouched by a dart. And of course, sometimes one dart thrown may knock out a previously thrown dart from its apparently secure location. In other words, there is still a great deal of true science yet to be discovered and confirmed, and perhaps some ideas that may need to be unlearned. Above all, the perspective with which we search is perhaps the key to what we discover.

Fig. 9. Two views of the Antikyantera Mechanism, which has been shown to be a calculator for the movements of celestial bodies.

Appendix 1:

The History and Breakthroughs in the Development of ElectromagneticTheory.

Ether was the hypothetical substance through which electromagnetic waves traveled. It was proposed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (born 384 BC) and used by several optical theories as a way to allow propagation of light, which was believed to be impossible in "empty" space.

Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) a Dutch physicist, was the leading proponent of the wave theory of light. In Trait� de la Lumin�re (1690), he developed the concept of the wave front. The wave theory was supported by the observation that two intersecting beams of light did not bounce off each other as would be expected if they were composed of particles. In contradiction to Sir Isaac Newton, Huygens correctly believed that light must travel more slowly when it is refracted towards the normal, although, this was not proven until experiments in the nineteenth century.

Lazzaro Spallanzani, born in 1727 in Italy, had a huge influence on many of the physical sciences, which is even more remarkable because he was an ordained Jesuit priest. Spallanzani is remembered because his Lettere sul volo dei pipistrelli acciecati published in 1794, recorded correspondence about his experiments on the remarkable sense of direction of bats. Bats use sonar to move about in the dark, which some might argue was the inspiration for radar.

Michael Faraday, born in 1791, is credited as the discoverer of magneto-electric induction, the law of electrochemical decomposition, the magnetization of light, and diamagnetism, among many other contributions to chemistry and physics. Michael Faraday, who did his research at the Royal Academy at London, even went so far as to say that the electromagnetic field was the lowest form of physical reality. Faraday's name is immortalized in the Farad, the unit of capacitance.

Maxwell's equations described the fundamental relationship between electricity, magnetism, and wave propagation that underlies all radio and cable communications. Since light and radio waves are the same phenomena, Maxwell�s theories provided the theoretical explanation for why radio waves can be focused and reflected just like light. As he stated in his 1864 work Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, "... we have strong reason to conclude that light itself� including radiant heat, and other radiations if any �is an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated through the electromagnetic field according to electromagnetic laws."

David Hughes, a London-born scientist who was a music professor in his early career, may have actually been the first investigator to succeed in the transmission of radio waves (in 1879), but after failing to convince the Royal Society, he decided not to publish his work, and it wasn't recognized until many years later.

And, on a historic day in December 1901, Guglielmo Marconi, determined to prove that wireless waves were not affected by the curvature of the Earth, used his radio system for transmitting the first wireless signals across the Atlantic between Poldhu, Cornwall, and St. John's, Newfoundland, a distance of 2100 miles. In 1912 Marconi patented the first wireless receiver and as they say, the rest is history.

References

Websites:

As we each move through our individual lives on this planet, we come in contact with seemingly innocence trivia, that later we often reflect upon as being something that changed our life in one way or another. Also, some of us often think of God, The Creator (or whatever name we choose) as distant from us, unable for us to actually see Him, except we are told He is always with us. "They" must mean around us, within us, or something like that. These are my words - you the viewer probably have your own words and thoughts. We have run onto something that we think our viewers might consider interesting. So, here it is. You make your own judgments and thoughts. But, we feel it is acccurate, correct and if we were to take the same trip, (we would love to!) we probably would have similar feelings and thoughts - the only difference perhaps would be the visions we would see may be different due to our background and experiences. But then, we are each different (thank God) and that is the way it is. These experiences are of Jerry Wills, whose web site you can go to later. Obviously it is impossible to show a picture of the entire universe(s) on this tiny page. To us this shows how small we all are - but an important part of the whole!�

The Doorway of Aramu Muru, located within the Hayu Marca mountain region of southern Peru and about 35 Km from Puno, has long been revered by local Indians as the "Place of the Gods". This area has not been fully explored due to the rugged mountain terrain. Many of the rock formations found here resemble artificial structures. Jerry: "My experience here has been fantastic! I believe I have actually been through the doorway, traveling into another dimension past the universe." On November 11th, 1998 at about 10 pm Kathy Wills and others in attendance witnessed Jerry Wills vanish for a short time. Upon his return, Jerry described his experience as a voyage beyond time and space and past the known universe to a place where the universe is kept in balance by a supreme presence. Although it is impossible to validate what happened when Jerry vanished, it is certain that he was gone for a short time. See below for Jerry's experience.

The Aramu Muru Doorway

The doorway is indeed located where the story indicates. And while this is a remote region, it is not so remote that people don't live nearby. Reading the story you are led to believe the location is quite well hidden. This is not entirely true. It is only a short walk from the highway that continues on to the Peru - Bolivia border. Those living nearby farm the fields right in front of the doorway and throughout the area. They in the area are a closed group that do not welcome outsiders and keep to themselves, never giving the (now) frequent visitors any trouble. They simply watch as you explore the surrounding area and examine the cliff face where the door is located. They have known of this place for a very long time.The doorway isn't large as one can see by the picture. It is actually shorter (yet wider) than most common doorways you find in any western home. It is unusual, though. Those who live in this area do not go there after dark. Following is Jerry's story:

Closer picture of doorway

There have been those who have witnessed powerful events here - unexplainable events that have frightened them. For example, tall men, sometimes preceded by or accompanied by glowing blue or orange balls of light, have been seen walking through or appearing near the doorway (glowing ). These have been seen continuing on to the shore of Lake Titicaca or some other undisclosed location. On other occasions, figures have been seen to return to the doorway and silently vanish. For those who live here, there is no question who these visitors are. Legends tell them clearly it is the return of ancient gods. Examining the doorway and the outcropping of rock it is placed upon reveals nothing more than the obvious. This unusual rock outcropping is roughly 60' thick, jutting upward like the fin on a fish, to a height of about 40.' A portion of the "cliff wall" has been prepared to a smooth surface. To the left and right of the doorway there are semi circular indented columns that go almost to the top of the wall. In the middle is the doorway - small in comparison to the wall, yet large enough for a "normal" sized individual to almost stand upright in (I use the term normal here because I am almost 7� tall). The doorway is indented about 8". The interesting thing about the shape of the doorway is its footer. There are two obvious places that have been smoothed and indented. The spacing is exactly right if you were to kneel before the doorway as if in prayer. At the exact place you would rest your forehead, if you were to lean forward, is a cupped depression. Otherwise, this is solid stone with the doorway exactly oriented and opening to the West.

By Dominic Utton

The fabled "Lost City" of Atlantis is one of mankind's greatest and most enduring mysteries. First written of 2,350 years ago by the Greek philosopher Plato in his works the Timaeus and the Critias, the island beneath the sea has fascinated historians, poets, and the public ever since, but has remained tantalisingly hidden, shrouded in myth, legend and exaggeration. However, a new book by acclaimed historian Andrew Collins provides for the first time a clear argument for the civilisation's existence and a pointer to its location. Plato described Atlantis as an empire founded by the sea god Poseidon on a land mass the size of "Libya and Asia put together". It possessed a thriving capital, with sumptuous palaces, royal courts and harbours constantly receiving vessels from all over the world. For many generations, it ruled the Atlantic Ocean as well as parts of what Plato called "the opposite continent", what we now know as the Americas. Its downfall came when its masters set their sights on conquering the Mediterranean. The Greeks rose in defiance and, in a terrible naval battle, defeated the Atlanteans. In the wake of this defeat, the god Zeus unleashed earthquakes and floods and submerged the island of Atlantis in a single "terrible day and night". Plato gives two dates for this catastrophe: 8,570 BC in the Timaeus, and 9,421 BC in the Critias. More than 2,000 books have been written about Plato's lost kingdom, placing it in the Americas, the mid-Atlantic, North Africa, Northern Europe and Antarctica. The current favourite location in academic circles is Crete. But Collins says we must look for Atlantis in the place where Plato said it was all along: the Atlantic. In the Critias, he records that the island had a vast, irrigated plain that "stretched for three thousand stadia [552km] in one direction, and at its centre, for two thousand [368km] inland from the coast". To the north, west and east were "mountain ranges" stretching to the shoreline, and the southern end of the plain was at sea level and housed the great capitol. Plato was thus describing an east-west oriented island, perhaps as little as 700km by 400km in size. The great size attributed to Atlantis by Plato refers not to the "home" island, but to the extent of the empire over which the Kings of Atlantis held dominion. The Empire consisted of a series of islands that lay in front of the "opposite continent". But if the opposite continent was the Americas, and thus the series of islands referred to situated on the West Atlantic seaboard, then how could Plato, writing in 350 BC, know of their existence? After all, America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Yet there is evidence to suggest that there was transatlantic contact thousands of years before Columbus. In Paris in 1976, the mummy of Egyptian Pharaoh Rameses II was found to contain tobacco. The implications were clear; the tobacco plant, thought to have been introduced to the west by Sir Walter Raleigh was known in the Ancient World as early as 1200 BC. In 1992, the German toxicologist Svetlana Balabanova examined mummies in the Munich Museum. Extensive evidence was found of high amounts of cocaine having been absorbed into the bodies. Cocaine is the active ingredient of the coca plant, native only to the Americas. Thus the possibility stands that coca leaves were being imported to Ancient Egypt via transoceanic contact with the Americas. Also, in the eastern provinces of Mexico are great stone heads, each weighing several tonnes, positioned at the centres of the Olmec peoples who thrived between 1200 and 400 BC. They display Negroid features, suggesting the presence of black Africans in the American continent at this time. Other statues show Semitic features, suggesting contact with Mediterranean seafarers. AND the evidence mounts. As a consequence of the submergence of Atlantis, Plato tells us "the outer ocean [the Atlantic] cannot be crossed or explored, the way being blocked by mud, just below the surface, left by the settling down of the island". This can only have been what we call the Sargasso Sea; the free floating seaweed stretching between the Azores and the Bahamas. The Bahamas are notorious for shallow banks and take their name from the Spanish "baja mar", meaning shallow sea. It seems certain, concludes Collins, that Plato's Atlantis was on the western Atlantic seaboard, somewhere in the Caribbean. In the Timaeus, Plato tells us the island was situated within easy reach of other islands that acted like stepping stones for voyagers. Such a description matches the chains of the Caribbean. The idea that Atlantis may have been in the Caribbean is not new. In 1798, Italian scholar Paul Cabrera identified Atlantis with Hispaniola, or Haiti and the Dominican Republic as the land mass is now called. He thought so "not only on account of its position and magnitude exceeding all others, but also from its fertility and numerous navigable rivers". However, he picked the wrong island. Plato tells us "the district as a whole...was of great elevation and its coast precipitous", an adequate enough description of Hispaniola's mountainous coastline. However, the island had no strategic importance to seafarers, unlike neighbouring Cuba, whose many lobe-like bays made for better ports. Furthermore, Cuba's coastal waters guard the northerly and southerly entrances to the Gulf of Mexico, making it ideal for journeys to Mexico or North America. Cabrera's claim that Hispaniola was "in magnitude exceeding all others" is also wrong. At around 640km by 256km, it is around two thirds the size of Cuba. He also mentions Hispaniola's "fertility" and Cuba is the most fertile island of the Caribbean, famous for tobacco and sugar. Cuba also has "numerous navigable rivers". All this suggests Cuba is the location of Atlantis. According to Plato, "around the city was a plain, enclosing it and itself enclosed in turn by mountain ranges which came down to the sea". The description matches Cuba's western plain, that stretches from Havana westwards to Pinar del Rio. Until around 9,000 years ago, the plain extended southwards, across what is today the bay of Batabano to the Isle of Youth. In other words a great plain, drowned in part during the time Plato wrote of. And it is the great drowning, the "terrible day and night", that provides the last piece in the puzzle. Just such a cataclysm did annihilate the western Atlantic at the time Plato posits for the destruction of Atlantis. In around 8500 BC, a comet exploded above North America. The fragments made more than 500,000 craters, known as the Carolina Bays, ranging from a few hundred metres to 11km in length. Each explosion held the force of a small nuclear blast, causing a huge tidal wave drowning the Caribbean and Bahamas. Any great civilisation on Cuba would almost certainly have been razed, ruined, and lost to the sea - as if Zeus himself had struck it down.

Remedies for the belly

pHearst 1

(No headline)
/////// make it into a tablet, [put] another on top, dip into honey.
To be swallowed by the patient.

pHearst 2

(Ebers No.18, 22, 25, 32, 33)
Remedy for evacuating the belly
/////// SASA fruit 1 ro, mix with HsA, make into 7 pills, dip into honey.
To be swallowed by the patient.

pHearst 3

(= Ebers No.32)
Remedy [for evacuating the belly]
A lump of salt, dip in honey.
To be swallowed by the patient. To be taken with a finger full of honey afterwards [or wash down] with sweet beer.
For 4 days.

pHearst 26

(Ebers 86, 97, 129)
Remedy for curing the wxd in the belly
Grains of SASA 4 ro, sam plant 4 ro, fruit of the Sn-tA plant 4 ro, sweet beer 20 ro, zrm liquid 5 ro.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 48

(= Ebers No.217)
Remedy for expelling the disease of the pit of the stomach
Flour of dates 8 ro, fruit of the DAr.t plant 1 ro, amA grains 5 ro, sweet beer 25 ro. Cook, filter.
Take for 4 days. Divide into doses of 10 ro.

pHearst 49

(= Ebers No.218)
Another remedy
Milk 5 ro, honey 2 ro, water 10 ro. Cook, filter.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 50

(Ebers No.284f)
Remedy to cause the stomach to accept bread
Figs 4 ro, jns.t fruit 4 ro, xntj earth 1 ro, honey 1 ro, water 5 ro.
As previously.

pHearst 58

(= Ebers No.7)
Remedy to open the body (purging)
Milk 25 ro, flour 8 ro, honey 8 ro, sweet beer 5 ro. Filter.
Take for 4 days.

Remedies for the anus

pHearst 4

Remedy to expel the rhn of the wxd in the anus.
Fruit of the xt-ws.t tree.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 5

////////
//////.
Bandage with it, for as long as it smells badly. During 4 days.

pHearst 6

The same
Fruit of the DAr.t plant, mix with honey, make into /////

pHearst 7

Remedy for the anus when it is ill
Make hot poultices with (flat) plates, with sand or with HsAr of beer.

pHearst 88

Remedy for the kns body part (probably the perineum) when it is ill.
Fruit of the doum palm 8 ro, gum 1 ro, water 5 ro. Expose to the dew over night.
Take daily.

pHearst 93

(Ebers No.138, 140, 143, 160, 785)
Remedy for cooling the anus
Crushed waH grains 8 ro, wDaj.t of dates 8 ro, fresh bread 4 ro, fruit of the doum palm 8 ro, water 20 ro. Expose to the dew over night.
Take for 4 days.

Remedies for the teeth

pHearst 8

(Ebers 743)
[Remedy for fastening a tooth] which is about to fall out
Kernels of the doum palm 5 ro, sam plant 5 ro, gum 5 ro.
Apply to the tooth.

Remedies for the blood

pHearst

Treating the blood ////
////// 1/2 ro, gum 2 ro, flour 4 ro, jns.t seeds 12 1/2 ro, water 10 ro. Expose to the dew during the night.
Move from side to side in the mouth. For 4 days.

pHearst 69

For treating the hb-n-tA in the blood
Roasted wheat grains 2 1/2 ro, jHw grains 2 1/2 ro,goose lard 4 ro, water 20 ro. Expose to the dew over night, filter.
Take 4 days.

pHearst 129

(Ebers No.724) Remedy for driving out "blood eating" from all limbs
Crush HD plant with tallow.
Apply.

pHearst 130

(Ebers No.725)
The same
AH bread, mix with natron and jnj.t of dates.
Put on the places where there is blood.

pHearst 143

(= Ebers No.593)
Remedy for driving out a "nest of blood", which has not settled yet
sam plant 4 ro, jSd fruit 2 ro, SASA grains 1/2 ro, fruit of the Sn plant 4 ro, goose fat 2 ro. Cook with abundant beer.
Drink for 4 days.

Remedies for unidentified diseases

pHearst 10

////// on the first day
Fruit of the DAr.t plant /////, beans 20 ro, ama flour. Grind, mix with the mstA of a Hdw vessel.
Bandage with it. For 4 days.

pHearst 11

2nd remedy
Mix fresh barley flour, cream, [with honey].
[Bandage] with it. For 4 days.

pHearst 12

3rd remedy
Fruit of the DAr.t plant 20 ro, ama of spelt ////, with HsA //// grind
//// [until] he is well. For 4 days.

pHearst 17

(= Ebers No.72)
To expel the tpA.t from the head
Grains of barley, ground and roasted, 5 ro, kernels of the doum palm ground and roasted 5 ro, soft tallow 5 ro, mix.
Apply to the head.
At ///// of his head cause him to bend to the ground without giving a remedy against it. But after his head has been anointed with this remedy, it shall be smeared in with fish grease on the 2nd day, it shall be smeared in with hippo grease on the 3rd day, it shall be rubbed with the crumb (?) of spoilt wheat bread by applying it to his head every day.

pHearst 19

Remedy against whj
Blood of ox, cook, eat.

pHearst 20

Remedy for soothing the HAj.t
Put pig's blood into wine. Drink immediately

pHearst 22

(= Ebers No.433)
Remedy
Incense 5 ro, xntj earth 5 ro, wdd of a goat 5 ro, mix.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 23

(= Ebers No.434)
Remedy
qsn.tj plant 5 ro, incense 5 ro, grains from the HD plant 5 ro, stew to a salve.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 24

(= Ebers No.437)
To expel xnsj.t from the head
Castor berries 5 ro, tallow [5 ro], oil 5 ro, mix.
Rub in daily.

pHearst 25

Remedy for expelling Sna
Make wheat into dough, wash, cook, expose to the dew over night. Filter it in the morning and add 4 ro of honey and strain it through cloth.
Take during 4 days. I have witnessed that it helped me.

pHearst 28

(= Ebers No.632)
Remedy for treating the left side
Figs 8 ro, jSd fruit 4 ro, jwnSj fruit 4 ro, jns.t fruit 20 ro, gum 1 ro, xntj earth 1 ro, incense 1/2 ro, smtj 1/2 ro, cumin 1/2 ro, flour 1 ro, water 160 ro. Expose to dew during the night, filter.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 34

Expelling "the influences" from all limbs
xt-ws.t 5 ro, afAj grains 5 ro, acacia seeds 5 ro, mix with goat tallow.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 37

(= Ebers No.584)
What is to be used against nhp in the limbs
Cook pulverized nHAsawj with grease.
Apply the nhp to all body parts of the male patient or female patient.

pHearst 38

Remedy against saS.t
Milk of sycamore, flour of DAr.t fruit.
Apply.

pHearst 39

(= Ebers No.537)
Drive out ASj.t
Fruit of the DAr.t plant, salt of the North, cook with urine.
Apply.

pHearst 40

(= Ebers No.538)
Another remedy
Gum, natron, acacia seeds, pulverize.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 53

(= Ebers No.4)
Remedy for expelling disease from the body
Mix THwj fruit with beer.
Swallow.

pHearst 55

(= Ebers No.5)
Remedy for the body when it is ill
Cumin 1/2 ro, goose lard 4 ro, milk 20 ro.
As above.

pHearst 56

(= Ebers No.6)
The same
Figs 4 ro, jSd fruit 4 ro, sweet beer 20 ro.
As above.

pHearst 71

(= Ebers No.243)
II. Remedy, prepared by Shu for Re himself
Wheat meal 5 ro, salt of the North 5 ro, lard 5 ro, fruit of the SAw plant 5 ro, charcoal soot from the wall 5 ro, flour of the DAr.t fruit 5 ro, bean flour 5 ro, qsntj plant 5 ro, incense 5 ro, xntj earth 5 ro, HsA 5 ro. Mix.
Bandage the parts which are ill with it.

pHearst 72

(= Ebers No.244)
III. Remedy, prepared by Tefnut for Re himself
Flour of amaa 5 ro, Snf.t grains 5 ro, lard 5 ro. Grind together.
Bandage with it all parts which are ill. This will expel diseases, the influences of the male and female spirit from the body of the patient so that he will be will immediately.

pHearst 73

(= Ebers No.245)
IV. Remedy, prepared by Geb for Re himself
Flour of the DAr.t fruit 5 ro, flour of the THwj fruit 5 ro, flour of the fruit of the xt-ws.t tree 5 ro, finely pulverized with date wine yeast.
Bandage with it all parts which are ill. It expels the diseases, the influences of the male and female spirit from the body of the patient so that he will be will immediately.

pHearst 74

(= Ebers No.246)
V. Remedy, prepared by Nut for Re himself
Wall tiles [5 ro], stem of the qAd.t plant 5 ro, pebbles from the beach 5 ro, natron 5 ro, salt 5 ro, fresh bread 5 ro, lard 5 ro, sfT fat 5 ro, honey 5 ro, Sns dough 5 ro. Cook together.
Bandage with it all parts which are ill. It expels the diseases, the influences of the male and female spirit from the body of the patient so that he will be will immediately.

pHearst 125

(= Ebers No.563)
Remedy for allaying the wSa pains in all limbs
Tigernuts 5 ro, jrtj fruit 5 ro, natron 5 ro, salt of the North 5 ro, HsA of the awAj.t liquid 5 ro, Snf.t grains 5 ro, cumin 5 ro. Cook.
Rub in.

pHearst 126

(Ebers No.564)
The same
Charcoal 5 ro, date wine 5 ro, salt of the North 5 ro, beer dregs 5 ro, incense 5 ro, myrrh 5 ro. Cook.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 131

(Ebers No.302)
Remedy for driving out dHr.t
Fruit of the DAr.t plant, pulverize with honey.
Take with sweet beer.

pHearst 132

(Ebers No.588)
Remedy for opening things which have come into existence on their own
Fruit of the tHwj plant, salt of the North, honey. Mix.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 133

(Ebers No.569)
Remove the liquid from a xsd in all body parts of a male or female patient
Fruit of the Sn plant, kA.t-Sw grains. Pulverize finely.
Bandage with it until all the liquid has left it. pHearst 134 Drive out diseases from all body parts of a male or female patient
Napeca bread fruit with water

pHearst 135

[The same]
Fruit of the Sn plant, honey, jSd fruit, gum, salt of the North, safflower.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 142

(=Ebers 695)
Drive out all things
Dust (?) from a statue 5 ro, jbs grains 5 ro, SASA grains 5 ro, grease 5 ro, wax 5 ro. Cook, filter.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 152

(= Ebers 713)
Remedy for dividing the body
Donkey's milk 25 ro, acacia seeds 2 ro, drnkn plant 2 ro, dwA-tA (?) plant 1 ro, qAA fruit of the arw tree 2 ro, honey 2 ro. Cook, filter.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 159

(= Ebers No.733)
Drive away the Hmt-zA
A scarab, cut off its head and wings, heat in lard.
Apply. But if you wish to destroy it cook its head and wings, add it to the lard of apnn.t worms, heat it and have the patient drink it.

pHearst 160

(Ebers No.705, 707)
Spell against the mSpn.t illness
Run out, who enters, without coming out again,
who attacks (?) me without laying its hands on me.
Retreat from me, for I am Horus,
distance yourself, for I am the son of Osiris,
The magic of my mother protects my body
so that nothing evil can enter my body
and no mSpn.t into my flesh.
Run out, run out, run out, run out, run out, run out, run out!
To say over the jnnk plant. Cook, pulverize.
Apply.

pHearst 161

jhr remedy
Precipitation product of honey, dry myrrh, fruit of the SAw plant, with dregs of the pAwr beverage, pulverize.
Rub in.

pHearst 162

The same
Antimony, snn resin, triturate with fresh oil.
As above.

pHearst 163

The same
mnj.t of the SAms plant.
Apply.

pHearst 164

The same
Waste (?) of the coppersmith, tree oil, tallow, spd stone, ink, incense, DAjs plant.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 165

The same
Hippo lard, HD (?) stone.
As above.

pHearst 166

The same
Incense, fruit of the [?] plant, natron, sfT fat, minium.
As above.

pHearst 167

To drive away the mSSw.t illness
Xaq.t of snakes, cream, fruit from the tjSps tree.
Rub in.

pHearst 168

Remedy for driving away the tmj.t
Charcoal, Snf.t seeds, dregs from the aA.t liquid, flour of psn pastry, mandrake, spelt, the lower part of pdd.w, salt of the North. Cook.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 169

The same
jSd fruit of the castor oil plant, fruit of the nSA plant, dates, THwj fruit, fruit of the SAms plant, tA liquid of the washerman, honey.
As above.

pHearst 170

Spell against the Tnt-amw disease
Who is knowledgable like Re? Who knows the same? This god.
Cover (? or perhaps heat) the body with coal, until the god is filled with them (?).
As Seth fended off the sea,
thus Seth will fend you off, you Tnt-amw.
Do not enter, do not enter the body of NN, born of NN.
This charm is spoken 4 times over fresh oil and loaves of "kesseb bread".
Drive them away with it and banish them with amulets of Stt-wt.

pHearst 171

Remedy for healing the jrwtn illness
Finely pulverized mgA plant with wine.
Make him drink it. Make a phlebotomy on his thigh.

pHearst 172

Another against sSpn Immerse mgA plant in water.
Rub his nose with it.

pHearst 206

(= Ebers No.752)
Remedy for nsj.t
Snf.t seeds 20 ro, white sX.t fruit 4 ro, green sx.t fruit 4 ro, fruit of the wan tree 2 ro, sd of the xdj.t plant 2 ro. Mix.
Drink.

pHearst 207

(= Ebers No.754)
Another remedy
Figs 5 ro, jSd fruit 4 ro, white lard 4 ro, sweet beer 25 ro, honey 1 ro, wnS fruit 2 ro, fruit of the wan tree 2 ro. Cook, filter.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 208

(Ebers No.756)
Another remedy
Donkey's feces, finely powdered, with wine.
Drink for one day.

pHearst 209

(= Ebers No.751)
Another remedy
Fennel, afA plant, DAjs plant, wD plant, beer. Mix by stirring.
Drink.

pHearst 210

(= Ebers No.753)
The same
A lump of salt, cook with HsA.
Swallow.

pHearst 211

Drive nsj.t from the body
jHw grains, fruit of the DAr.t plant, fennel, sweet beer. Mix.
Swallow.

pHearst 245

Remedy for .... of the wbn in all body parts
Flour of .... [5 ro], ..... [5 ro], .... tree 5 ro, wax 5 ro, cow tallow 5 ro. Cook.
[Bandage with it, then he will be well] immediately.

pHearst 246

Another remedy for .....
Flour of DAr.t fruit 5 ro, natron 5 ro, date .... [5 ro], .....
Bandage with it for 4 days.

pHearst 247

[Another remedy against] .....
Water of ms.t 5 ro, SASA grains [5 ro], .... [5 ro].
Bandage with it for 4 days.

pHearst 248

[Another remedy]
..... [5 ro], white gum (?) 5 ro, honey 5 ro.
Bandage with it [for 4 days].

pHearst 253

....... drive out the heat .............
..................
Bandage with it.

pHearst 254

Another [remedy]
Heat............
Apply.

pHearst 255

.............
Salt of the North, ..........., acacia seeds, ................. Mix, put ......... by the fire.
Bandage [with it].

pHearst 256

............
................
Rub it in.

pHearst 257

The same
Fresh ax...... and a hair, soak [with] ........... to this hair and give ...........

pHearst 258

Remedy ..........
Fresh oil, sfT oil, [?], ........ lard.
As above.

pHearst 259

The same
sfT oil, myrrh, ......... , ...Sn ......., ..........., fruit of the wan tree, cumin, salt, ............, ............., fennel, .........

pHearst 260

........ wbn in all body parts
...... , [honey], fresh oil, wax, sfT oil, flour of the DAr.t fruit, ............., loaves of bread crushed with refuse from the tjSps tree, 1 heron's egg, ........ (?), incense.
Apply to the wbn.

Remedies for bones

pHearst 13

Setting a bone which is broken, in all limbs of a male or female patient.
HsA of [awAj.t], ///// plants, fruit of the nSA plant, mix, sift with honey.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 14

Joining /////
///// 5 ro, gum 5 ro, jSd fruit of the sycamore 5 ro, jSd fruit of the (Zizyphus) napeca 5 ro, jSd fruit from the jmA tree [5 ro], //////, add 3 fingers full of honey.
Bandage with it. For 4 days.

pHearst 15

Remedy for broken ribs on the first day
White cream /////, wrap in fine cloth of HAwtj.
Bandage with it. For 4 days.

pHearst 217

(Ebers 636f.)
Remedy for setting a broken bone on the first day
Flour of the DAr.t plant 5 ro, flour of beans 5 ro, mstj water 5 ro. Mix.
Bandage with it for 4 days.

pHearst 218

2nd remedy
Flour of DAr.t fruit 5 ro, flour of aam 5 ro, HsA from the psn pastry 5 ro. Cook together.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 219

3rd remedy
Cow milk 5 ro, flour from green barley 5 ro. Mix.
Bandage with it for 4 days.

pHearst 220

Another remedy
Fruit of the SAw plant 5 ro, fruit of the twn plant 5 ro, honey 5 ro, HsA of the psn pastry 5 ro. Mix.
Bandage for 4 days.

pHearst 221

Another remedy
Potter's material 5 ro, sycamore seeds 5 ro, napeca seeds 5 ro, seeds of the jmA tree 5 ro, acacia seeds 5 ro, honey, acacia gum [5 ro]. Mix.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 222

Another remedy
Honey 5 ro, sam plant 5 ro, fruit of the Sn plant 5 ro. Cook together.
Bandage for 4 days.

pHearst 223

Another remedy
Acacia seeds 5 ro, gum solution 5 ro, water 5 ro. Mix.
Bandage with it for 4 days.

pHearst 224

Another remedy
Gum solution 5 ro, goose lard 5 ro, wax 5 ro. Cook together.
Bandage with it for 4 days.

pHearst 225

Another remedy
pqr worm from the lard. Expose to the dew over night.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 226

Remedy for cooling a bone after it has been set, in all limbs of the patient
Flour of the DAr.t fruit 5 ro, oil tree seeds 5 ro, napeca seeds 5 ro, sycamore seeds 5 ro, doum palm kernels 5 ro, water 5 ro.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 227

Another remedy
Flesh from a living cow 5 ro, sskA grains from Upper Egypt (?) [5 ro], ibex tallow 5 ro, salt of the North 5 ro, sxp.t beverage 5 ro, lard 5 ro, wax 5 ro, greenstone 5 ro. Mix.
Bandage for 4 days.

pHearst 233

(= Ebers No.636)
[Another] remedy for cooling a bone after it has been set, in all body parts of the patient
Natron of the field, Sb.t liquid, jnj.t of dates, honey.
Bandage with it for 4 days.

pHearst 234

Another remedy
Acacia seeds, willow seeds, sycamore seeds, doum palm kernels, gum solution.
Bandage with it for 4 days.

Driving out spirits, magical spells

pHearst 16

(= Ebers No. 182)
Really expelling the spirit
THwj fruit 5 ro, [safflower] fruit 5 ro, nuts from the arw tree 5 ro, the contents of the wDaj.t pod 5 ro, SASA fruit 5 ro, grind to a fine powder.
To be taken by the patient with honey.

pHearst 36

(= Ebers No.165)
Expelling magic from the body
Mix the interior of a wDaj.t, incense, fruit of the Sn plant.
To be eaten by the patient.

pHearst 54

(= Ebers No.165)
Remedy to expel magic from the body
Marrow of the Hmm plant 5 ro, wDaj.t of dates 5 ro, fruit of the Sn plant 5 ro, incense 5 ro.
Eat, wash down with beer.

pHearst 78

(= Ebers No.1)
Spell to accompany the applying of the remedy to any body parts which are ill
I have left Heliopolis with the great ones of the sanctuary, lords of protection, rulers of eternity; they protect me. I have left Sais with the mother of the gods, and they have granted me their protection. I possess spells composed by the ruler of the universe, to dispel the influences of the god, the goddess, the male and the female spirit etc., which are in this head of mine, in this arm of mine, in these limbs of mine, in these body parts of mine, to punish the srxj, chief of those who introduce the illness and bjbj into these limbs of mine. For Re has said: "I protect him from his enemies! He is like Thoth. He has caused the writings to talk by composing a book in order to pass on knowledge to the learned ones and the physicians who gollow him in order to practise. He who is loved by his god is kept alive by him. I am one who is loved by his god, that is why he keeps me alive.
To be spoken when applying the remedy to any ill body part. Really proven innumerable times.

pHearst 212

Spell for the measure when one takes it in order to measure a medicine
This dbH (measure) in which I measure this remedy is the measure in which Horus has measured his eye, and it was [measured] correctly and life, well-being and happiness was found [again by it] . This remedy is being measured in this measure in order to drive away all diseases with it which are in this body

pHearst 213

Spell for barley
This barley is the eye of Horus, measured and correct, which Isis has brought to her son Horus, in order to cause him to pass the stool in order to purge the badness which was in his body.

pHearst 214

Spell for the lard in every medicine
Praise to you, Eye of Horus, you rnn.wtt (Renenutet) on top of the HD Htp, which gave Re radiance before the Ennead. The divine Isis came forth and praised [.. ?] before Gebeb and there she (Renenutet ?) did battle for her (Isis ?) etc. Save him from the shadow, the male and female ghost! For I am this [famous] Thoth, this [famous] physician of the Eye of Horus which has fought for his father Osiris before Neith, Mistress of Life and her ladies in waiting. We have (?) saved etc.

pHearst 215

Spell for the honey
Come, honey, come to the passage of the locusts, the ship's passage! Honey is healthy!-
Tell the gods in whose hearts is fear: [Your ?] right horn against the right, the left one against the left against the nnj ghosts, against the xnj ghosts, so they may be destroyed etc.
O you who belong to the heavens [face towards / more than] the stars!
O you who belong to the earth, [face towards /more than] the gods,
O you who belong ..... , [face towards] the cloud,
O you who belong to the heavens [ face towards] the nnj ghosts and xmj.t ghosts so that they may be destroyed etc.
Protection, behind me, protection, come, protection!

pHearst 216

Spell for the beer
This Dsr.t beer is [Horus of Chemmis (?)], strained in P, mixed in Dp. You shall drink it .... while the sm priest attends with his utensils (?), statue, ....., kjs, jns.t, jbr-salve, sAp.t. Drink the beer which I have brought in order to dispel the influences of the god, the male and female ghosts which are in this body etc.

****pHearst 18

(= Ebers No.49)
Remedy to drive out strong haema[turia] [too]
Fresh AH bread 4 ro, crushed waH grains 5 ro, lard 4 ro, honey 4 ro, pass through a sieve.
Take for 4 days. One dose like the other.

Remedies against bites

pHearst 21

(= Ebers 432)
Remedy to be applied against a human bite
Small fragments from a sherd of an anD vessel. jAq.t plant, crush, mix.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 239

(= Ebers No.436)
[Another] remedy against crocodile bites on [all] body parts of the patient.
You shall bandage him with fresh meat on the first day.

pHearst 240

(= Ebers No.432)
[Pot sherds] and jAq.t plant.
Bandage with it for 4 days.

pHearst 241

[Another remedy against the bite] of a pig
Bandage him with fresh meat [on the first day]

pHearst 242

Another remedy
Fresh minium 5 ro, jbs grains 5 ro, ...., tallow 5 ro, lard 5 ro. Cook.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 243

[Another remedy against] the bite of a hippo
Sycamore seeds, ..... [HsA ?] of sweet beer.
Bandage with it for 4 days.

pHearst 244

[Another remedy against] the bite of a lion
... fruit. Mix.
Bandage for 4 days.

Remedies for the arms, legs, fingers and toes

pHearst 27

Remedy for driving out the Hna of the legs
Dried jH.w seeds 5 ro, wheat bread 8 ro, crushed waH seeds 5 ro, grease 4 ro, honey 4 ro, water 80 ro, grind, filter.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 173

Remedy for treating a finger or a toe
Minium, a sherd from a new pot, pulverize finely with the excretion product of honey. Bandage the finger or toe with it. Afterwards, prepare a remedy for cooling for him: acacia seeds 8 ro, napeca seeds 8 ro, xntj earth 1 ro, Ssj.t of greenstone 1 ro, the inner part of wDaj.t 4 ro. Pulverize.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 174

(Ebers No.617)
If you find a finger [or] toe which is ill, while a liquid inside it moves to and fro, it has a bad smell which is caused by a worm, then say about it: "He is ill, I shall treat him." Apply the remedy to him in order to kill the spd worm: sjA plant of the South 1 ro, sjA plant of the North 1 ro, sfT fat 4 ro. Pulverize.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 175

(= Ebers No.620)
Treating a toe when it is ill
xntj earth, natron, [?] minium, Xnw of the [?], dSr grains, nxtjw plant. Mix.
Bandage with it. But after you have applied this remedy, prepare a salve for him of fat, tallow, lard, honey, mix by stirring. Apply.

pHearst 176

Another remedy
Tallow, incense, lard, honey.
As above.

pHearst 177

(= Ebers No.618)
Remedy for the nail of the toe
Honey 5 ro, xntj earth 1/2 ro, SmSm.t plant (hemp) 1 ro, HD.t grains 1 ro, lettuce 1 ro. Pulverize.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 178

(= Ebers No.619)
Another remedy
Honey 4 ro, xntj earth 1/2 ro, lard 1 ro.
As above.

pHearst 179

(= Ebers No.622)
Remedy for treating a toe nail which is about to fall off
Treat it with natron, incense, lard, honey, xntj earth.
Apply and prevent his bandage from squeezing.

pHearst 180

What is done for the toe
Tallow, acacia seeds. Cook together.
Apply.

pHearst 181

Remedy used for the finger
Meal of the twn plant, cook with lard.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 182

Remedy for driving out the blood from the toe
agj.t from acacia trees. Pulverize finely.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 183

Another remedy
Cook a small globule of incense in tallow, make into a paste.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 184

What is done against the tips (?) of the toes which are afflicted by open wounds
Acacia seeds, fruit of the DAr.t plant, minium, salt of the North, HsA of the awAj.t liquid. Cook.
Bandage with it.
But afterwards apply: sfT fat, tallow, incense, seeds of bsbs (fennel), meal of the DAr.t fruit, wax. Mix.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 185

Treating the nails of toe and finger
Tallow of ibex, mandrake, burned copper (?), redwood, xntj earth, wax.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 186

Another remedy
Tallow, incense, xntj earth, honey.
As above.

pHearst 187

Another remedy
xntj earth, jnj.t seeds of flax, wtj.t of the sycamore, honey, lard.
As above.

pHearst 188

Remedy for a toenail
Honey 4 ro, SmSm.t plant 1 ro, xntj earth 1 ro, HD.t 1 ro, lettuce 1 ro.
Bandage the toenail with it.

pHearst 189

(= Ebers 619)
Another remedy
xntj earth 1/2 ro, lard 1 ro.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 190

Another remedy
Minium 4 ro, honey 4 ro.
As above.

pHearst 191

The same
Freash barley flour ...., honey 2 ro, xntj earth 1 ro, fruit of the DAr.t plant 4 ro, incense 1/2 ro, acacia seeds 4 ro, napeca seeds 4 ro, myrrh 5 ro. Cook.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 192

Another remedy
Incense 4 ro, HD.t grains 1 ro, xntj earth 1 ro, lettuce 4 ro, honey 4 ro ....

pHearst 193

(= Ebers No.621)
Treating the nails of the toe
Minium, a sherd of a new pot, honey, lard.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 194

Remedy for the finger and the toe. Refreshing the finger. What is used against a nail
HD.t grains, jbr salve, gum, lard, bd.t resin, peas, acacia seeds.
Apply.

pHearst 195

Treating the toe
Cook hair of the qAA plant with lard.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 196

Eradicate the fnT worm from the finger and the toe
Minium, fruit of the DAr.t plant, hnj.t grains.
Bandage the finger or toe with it.

pHearst 197

Remedy for the toe
A apnn.t worm which has been cut up and the body of which has been rubbed with salt.
Bandage the patient (?) with it.

pHearst 198

Another remedy
sfT oil, amm (brain ?) of the pgg.t (frog ?).
As above.

pHearst 199

Remedy for the str.t of the jwH (drying a moist spot ?) in the toenails
Fruit of the THwj plant, fruit of the DAr.t plant, pulverize with honey.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 200

Drive away the Sf.t (swelling ?) of the toe
Fruit of the twn plant. Pulverize with honey.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 201

Another remedy
Fruit of the SAms plant, fruit of the THwj plant, fruit of the twn plant, fruit of the Sn plant. Pulverize, mix with honey.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 202

Another remedy
Fruit of the DAr.t plant, SASA seeds, minium, honey.
As above.

pHearst 203

Another remedy
Brain of catfish with honey.
Bandage the toe with it.

pHearst 204

To drive out the swt from the finger
sskA grains, psD grains, salt of the North, fruit form the xt-ws.t tree, honey.
Bandage with it.

pHearst 205

(Ebers No.623f.)
Remedy for preventing the tremor in the fingers
Smear the fingers with lard.
Bandage with watermelon.

pHearst 252

........ the leg when it is ill.
Blossoms of ....

Remedies for the skin

pHearst 30

(= Ebers No.183)
Expel wxd from the skin
THwj fruit 2 ro, jSd fruit 4 ro, milk 2 1/2 ro, incense 1/2 ro, waH seeds 4 ro, figs 4 ro, Snf.t seeds 1/2 ro, sweet beer 5 ro, as before, make doses of 5 ro minus 1/30.

pHearst 153

(= Ebers No.714)
Renewing the skin
Honey, red natron, salt of the North. Pulverize together.
Rub the limbs with it.

pHearst 154

(= Ebers 715)
Making the skin more beautiful
Alabaster powder, natron powder, salt of the North, honey. Stir together with this honey.
Rub the skin with it.

Remedies for body odour

pHearst 31

(= Ebers No.708)
Dispel bad odour in summer
Incense 5 ro, jbnw grains 5 ro, fruit of the Sn plant 5 ro, myrrh 5 ro. Compound with each other.
Rub in.

pHearst 32

(= Ebers No.711)
Dispel bad odour from the limbs
Mix AH.t bread with incense by kneading, make into pills. Place one on the spot where one limb touches the other.
For 4 days.

pHearst 150

(= Ebers 708)
Drive the odour of sweat from the body of a person in summer
Incense, lettuce, fruit of the n plant, myrrh. Mix.
Rub the patient with it.

pHearst 151

Drive the odour of sweat from a male or female patient
AH bread and incense, knead well, turn into pills.
Put one on the spot where one limb connects to another. For 4 days.

Remedies for driving out wxd, pain

pHearst 29

(= Ebers No.97)
Remedy for expelling the wxd from the body.
Figs 4 ro, jSd fruit 4 ro, Sn-tA plant 4 ro, grease 4 ro, sam plant 8 ro, fruit of the DAr.t plant 2 ro, fruit of the wan tree 8 ro, sweet beer 20 ro, boil, expose to the dew over night, filter, make doses of 2 1/2 ro.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 33

(= Ebers No.301)
Expel pain from the limbs
HsA of the Sbb liquid, grind fine, mix with HsA of the awAj.t liquid.
Apply.

pHearst 41

(= Ebers No.584)
Remedy for expelling wxd, the nhp are in any body part of the patient.
Waste products of the Smj drink, cat's feces, feces of greyhound, jSd fruit from the xt-ws.t tree.
Bandage with it. This expels the Sf.t.

pHearst 42

(= Berlin No.162)
Remedy for destroying the wxd in all body parts
Greasy meat 10 ro, [(?)] of psD 7 1/2 ro, afA plant 5 ro, jnnk plant 2 ro, fruit from the wan tree 2 ro, incense 2 ro, Dsr.t beer 15 ro, sweet beer 25 ro. Cook, filter.
Take for 4 days, divide into doses of 10 ro.

pHearst 43

The same
Incense 1/2 ro, cumin 1/2 ro, fresh bread 4 ro, goose lard 2 ro, honey 2 ro, sweet beer 20 ro. Cook, filter.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 44

The same
Dill 1 ro, date flour 4 ro, jwnSj plant 4 ro, wine 5 ro. Cook, filter.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 45

The same
Cooked jHmAr.t 20 ro, juice of the DAr.t plant 20 ro, tallow 8 ro, honey 8 ro. Mix stirring, put in cloth, filter.
Take for 4 days. Add the honey only shortly before stirring.

pHearst 46

Remedy for the destruction of wxd in any body part
sSS of crushed barley 2 1/2 ro, [(?)] of psD-w 5 ro, Tjam plant 4 ro, Yellow Nutsedge 4 ro, fruit of the wan tree 2 ro, water 120 ro. Cook, expose to the dew during the night, filter.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 47

Remedy for the destruction of the wxd in the body
Flour of dates 2 1/2 ro, acacia seeds 4 ro, waH grains 5 ro, goose lard 5 ro.
As previously.

pHearst 138

Drive away the rq.t and remove the wxd from all body parts of the patient.
Acacia fruit 20 ro, meal of cedar wood 8 ro.
Bandage with it often.

Remedies for ulcers

pHearst 35

(= Ebers No.294)
Remedy for removing st.t ulcers from the nipples
The weed called snwt.t, which grows on its belly like the qAd.t plant and grows blossoms like the srD plant, when its stalks are like those of the xt-HD plant, then it shall be brought and its roots shall be applied to the nipples. Then they (i.e. the ulcers) will disappear immediately.

Remedies for the heart

pHearst 51

(berlin No.77,117, Ebers No.220, 230, 233)
Remedy for treating the heart
Black spelt 20 ro, water 160 ro. Cook, filter.
Take for 4 days. Divide into doses of 30 ro.

pHearst 52

The same
Fruit of the wan tree 2 ro, waH grains 5 ro, milk 4 ro, goose lard 2 ro, water 20 ro.
Same as above.

Remedies for the lungs

pHearst 57

Remedy for treating the lung, immediately effective
xntj earth 1 ro, gum 1 ro, honey 4 ro, figs 4 ro, water 25 ro. Expose to the dew during the night.
Take for 4 days.

Remedies against the aAa illness

pHearst 79

(= Ebers No.221)
To expel aAa from the the body and the heart
SAms plant 2 ro, SASA grains 4 ro, xntj earth 1/2 ro, honey 2 (parts), mix.
Eat before going to bed.

pHearst 80

Remedy to expel the aAa from the body and the heart
Tigernut 4 ro, SASA grains 4 ro, fruit of the Sn plant 2 ro, green stone 1/2 ro, shw.t (?) 1 ro, psD 2 ro, honey 2 (parts), mix.
Eat before going to sleep.

pHearst 81

(= Ebers No.222)
Another remedy for expelling the aAa from the body or the heart
Gum 1 ro, raisins 2 ro, SASA grains 4 ro, SAms plant 2 ro, honey 2 (parts), mix.
Eat before going to sleep.

pHearst 82

(= Ebers No.224)
Another remedy
Castor plant leaves 4 ro, xs fruit of the sycamore 4 ro, fresh dates 4 ro, lotus blossoms 4 ro, fresh bread 4 ro, water 10 ro. Filter.
Take immediately.

pHearst 83

(= Ebers No.225)
Expel the aAa of the god or a spirit from the body of a male or female patient
Acacia seeds 1 ro, seeds of the arw tree 1 ro, qAA fruit of the arw tree 1 ro, fruit of the DAr.t plant 4 ro, raisins 4 ro, salt of the North 1 ro, core of a wDaj.t 1 ro, THwj fruit 4 ro, antimony 1/2 ro, SASA grains 8 ro, SwtA plant 4 ro, honey 1 ro, HsA 25 ro. Cook, filter.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 84

(= Ebers No.226)
Another remedy
jns.t grains 4 ro, figs 4 ro, salt 1 ro, xntj earth 1 ro, honey 1 ro, water 10 ro, raisins 2 ro, waH grains 2 ro, bread fruit of the napeca 2 ro, lettuce 1 ro, SAw plant 2 ro. Expose to the dew over night.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 85

(= Berlin No.115; Ebers No.221f.)
Another remedy
1 AbD.w fish, its mouth filled with incense; cook.
Eat before going to bed. What is to be said as a spell: "O male spirit, female spirit, hidden one concealed one, who is in this flesh of mine, in these limbs of mine, leave this flesh of mine, these limbs of mine! Behold, I have brought you excrement to eat! Beware, hidden one, beware, concealed one, flee!"

pHearst 86

Another remedy
SAms plant 2 ro, fruit of the Sn plant 1 ro, tigernut 1 ro, SASA grains 1 ro, fruit of the SAw plant 1 ro, fruit of the xsj.t plant 1/2 ro, sam plant 1 ro, honey 4 ro, THwj fruit 1 ro, xntj earth 1/2 ro. Mix.
Take before going to bed.

pHearst 87

(Ebers No.236-238)
Another remedy
Lettuce seed 4 ro, fruit of the SAw plant 1 ro, THwj fruit 1/2 ro, sweet beer 10 ro.
Take before going to bed.

Remedies for the urinary tract

pHearst 59

(= Ebers No.9)
Remedy for letting urine flow
Fruit of the wan tree 5 ro, honey 5 ro, sweet beer 5 ro. Filter.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 60

The same
Fresh xrS 5 ro, sweet beer ..... Cook, filter.
Swallow.

pHearst 62

(= Ebers No.271)
Remedy which is immediately effective for treating the bladder and restoration of urine Hmw of castor plant 4 ro, dates which are still growing 4 ro, fruit of the Sn plant 1 ro, Sb.t drink 2 ro, xsj.t plant 1 ro, cucumber blossoms 1 ro, crushed waH seeds 8 ro, jaj.t liquid 25 ro. Expose to the dew during the night.
Take for 4 days.

pHearst 63

(= Ebers No.277)
Remedy to treat urine which is too frequent
Gum 8 ro, wheat dough 8 ro, fresh bread 8 ro, xntj earth 1 ro, water 25 ro.
As above.

pHearst 64

(= Ebers No.278)
The same
wAb of the qAd.t plant 8 ro, grapes 4 ro, honey 8 ro, fruit of the wan tree 1 ro, sweet beer 7 1/2 ro. Cook, filter.
Take one day.

pHearst 65

(= Ebers No.280)
The same
Gum 4 ro, honey 1 ro, water 5 ro. Cook, filter.
Take one day.

pHearst 66

(= Ebers No.279)
The same
jSd fruit 4 ro, wheat dough 4 ro, xntj earth 1 ro, gum 1 ro, water 10 ro.
As above.

pHearst 67

To cause the urine to flow again
Milk 8 ro, honey 8 ro, fruit of the wan tree 8 ro, qAd.t plant 4 ro, sweet beer 200 ro. Filter.
Take 4 days.

pHearst 68

(= Ebers No.282)
Remedy for diminishing the urine
Desert safflower 160 ro, safflower of the north 4 ro, lettuce of the south 2 ro, fruit of the wan tree 2 ro, fresh bread 4 ro, lettuce of the north 2 ro, Spm.t 2 ro, wAm plant 2 ro, dwA.t plant 2 ro, water 2 ro. Expose to the dew at night, filter.
Take 4 days.

pHearst 70

For expelling the hb-n-tA from the bladder
Roasted wheat flour 5 ro, roasted barley flour 5 ro, nuts of the doum palm 5 ro, figs 5 ro, fruit of the wan tree 8 ro, fruit of the Sn plant 8 ro, incense 1/2 ro, cumin 1/2 ro goose lard 8 ro, honey 8 ro, waH seeds 8 ro, water 120 ro. Expose to the dew over night.
Take 4 days. Divide into doses of 15 ro.

Remedies against nausea

pHearst 61

(Berlin No.29f, Ebers No.305f)
Remedy for driving away nausea
Milk 25 ro, rkrk seeds 2 ro, sam plant 2 ro, incense 1/2 ro, xntj earth 2 ro, tallow 4 ro. Cook.
Take for 4 days.

Remedies against headaches

pHearst 75

(= Ebers No.247)
VI. Remedy, prepared by Isis for Re himself to expel the aches in his head
Fruit of the SAw plant 5 ro, fruit of the SAms plant 5 ro, fruit of the xsj.t plant 5 ro, fruit of the Snw plant 5 ro, sam plant 5 ro, honey 5 ro. Mix by stirring it with this honey.
Bandage the head with it so that it will be well immediately. When I apply this remedy to him when he suffers any pain, headache in font and behind, rush of blood, the influences of the god, the goddess, the male and the female spirit, in the head, all evil and illness in the head and all body parts, then he will be well immediately. Tried and proven.

pHearst 76

(= Ebers No.248)
Remedy to dispel the "influences" from the head [and (?)] the illness sk.t
The core of the DAr.t plant 5 ro, xs fruit of the jmA tree 5 ro, natron 5 ro, SfSf.t grains 5 ro, bones of the aHA fish, cooked 5 ro, [the same] of the dSr fish, cooked, 5 ro, skull of the wHa fish, cooked, 5 ro, honey 5 ro, lettuce 5 ro.
Rub in the head for 4 days.

pHearst 77

(= Ebers No.249)
Another remedy
Dill grains 5 ro, fruit of the xsj.t plant 5 ro, fruit of the SAw plant 5 ro, jnnk plant 5 ro, fruit of the xt-ws.t 5 ro, donkey's tallow 5 ro.
Rub the head with it for 4 days.

Indiana Jones meets the Da Vinci Code
By Spengler

Islam watchers blogged all weekend about news that a secret archive of ancient Islamic texts had surfaced after 60 years of suppression. Andrew Higgins' Wall Street Journal report that the photographic record of Koranic manuscripts, supposedly destroyed during World War II but occulted by a scholar of alleged Nazi sympathies, reads like a conflation of the Da Vinci Code with Indiana Jones and the Holy Grail.

The Da Vinci Code offered a silly fantasy in which Opus Dei, homicidal monks and twisted billionaires chased after proof that Christianity is a hoax. But the story of the photographic archive of

the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, now ensconced in a Berlin vault, is a case of life imitating truly dreadful art. It even has Nazis. "I hate those guys!" as Indiana Jones said.

No one is going to produce proof that Jesus Christ did not rise from the grave three days after the Crucifixion, of course. Humankind will choose to believe or not that God revealed Himself in this fashion. But Islam stands at risk of a Da Vinci Code effect, for in Islam, God's self-revelation took the form not of the Exodus, nor the revelation at Mount Sinai, nor the Resurrection, but rather a book, namely the Koran. The Encyclopaedia of Islam (1982) observes, "The closest analogue in Christian belief to the role of the Koran in Muslim belief is not the Bible, but Christ." The Koran alone is the revelatory event in Islam.

What if scholars can prove beyond reasonable doubt that the Koran was not dictated by the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Mohammad during the 7th century, but rather was redacted by later writers drawing on a variety of extant Christian and Jewish sources? That would be the precise equivalent of proving that the Jesus Christ of the Gospels really was a composite of several individuals, some of whom lived a century or two apart.

It has long been known that variant copies of the Koran exist, including some found in 1972 in a paper grave at Sa'na in Yemen, the subject of a cover story in the January 1999 Atlantic Monthly. Before the Yemeni authorities shut the door to Western scholars, two German academics, Gerhard R Puin and H C Graf von Bothmer, made 35,000 microfilm copies, which remain at the University of the Saarland. Many scholars believe that the German archive, which includes photocopies of manuscripts as old as 700 AD, will provide more evidence of variation in the Koran.

The history of the archive reads like an Islamic version of the Da Vinci Code. It is not clear why its existence was occulted for sixty years, or why it has come to light now, or when scholars will have free access to it. Higgins' account begins,

On the night of April 24, 1944, British air force bombers hammered a former Jesuit college here housing the Bavarian Academy of Science. The 16th-century building crumpled in the inferno. Among the treasures lost, later lamented Anton Spitaler, an Arabic scholar at the academy, was a unique photo archive of ancient manuscripts of the Koran.

The 450 rolls of film had been assembled before the war for a bold venture: a study of the evolution of the Koran, the text Muslims view as the verbatim transcript of God's word. The wartime destruction made the project "outright impossible", Mr Spitaler wrote in the 1970s.

Mr Spitaler was lying. The cache of photos survived, and he was sitting on it all along. The truth is only now dribbling out to scholars - and a Koran research project buried for more than 60 years has risen from the grave. Why Spitaler concealed the archive is unknown, but Koranic critics who challenge the received Muslim account suspect his motives. Higgins reports,

"The whole period after 1945 was poisoned by the Nazis," says Gunter Luling, a scholar who was drummed out of his university in the 1970s after he put forward heterodox theories about the Koran's origins. His doctoral thesis argued that the Koran was lifted in part from Christian hymns. Blackballed by Spitaler, Luling lost his teaching job and launched a fruitless six-year court battle to be reinstated. Feuding over the Koran, he says, "ruined my life".

He wrote books and articles at home, funded by his wife, who took a job in a pharmacy. Asked by a French journal to write a paper on German Arabists, Luling went to Berlin to examine wartime records. Germany's prominent postwar Arabic scholars, he says, "were all connected to the Nazis".

Why were the Nazis so eager to suppress Koranic criticism? Most likely, the answer lies in their alliance with Islamist leaders, who shared their hatred of the Jews and also sought leverage against the British in the Middle East. The most recent of many books on this subject, Matthias Kuntzel's Jihad and Jew-Hatred, was reviewed January 13 in the New York Times by Jeffrey Goldberg, who reports

Kuntzel makes a bold and consequential argument: the dissemination of European models of anti-Semitism among Muslims was not haphazard, but an actual project of the Nazi Party, meant to turn Muslims against Jews and Zionism. He says that in the years before World War II, two Muslim leaders in particular willingly and knowingly carried Nazi ideology directly to the Muslim masses. They were Haj Amin al-Husseini, the mufti of Jerusalem, and the Egyptian proto-Islamist Hassan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood.

It may be a very long time before the contents of the Bavarian archive are known. Some Koranic critics, notably the pseudonymous scholar "Ibn Warraq", claim that Professor Angelika Neuwirth, the archive's custodian, has denied access to scholars who stray from the traditional interpretation. Neuwirth admits that she has had the archive since 1990. She has 18 years of funding to study the Bavarian archive, and it is not clear who will have access to it.

When the Atlantic Monthly story on Koranic criticism appeared nine years ago, author Toby Lester expected early results from the Yemeni finds.

Von Bothmer, Puin, and other scholars will finally have a chance to scrutinize the texts and to publish their findings freely - a prospect that thrills Puin. "So many Muslims have this belief that everything between the two covers of the Koran is just God's unaltered word," he says. "They like to quote the textual work that shows that the Bible has a history and did not fall straight out of the sky, but until now the Koran has been out of this discussion. The only way to break through this wall is to prove that the Koran has a history too. The Sana'a fragments will help us to do this.

In 2005, Puin published a collection of articles under the title, Die dunklen Anfange. Neue Forschungen zur Entstehung und fruhen Geschichte des Islam ("The dark beginnings: new research on the origin and early history of Islam," Hans Schiller Verlag, 2005). This drew on the work of the pseudonymous German philologist "Christoph Luxenburg", who sought to prove that incomprehensible passages in the Koran were written in Syriac-Aramaic rather than Arabic. Luxenburg's thesis became notorious for explaining that the "virgins" provided to Islamic jihadis in paradise were only raisins. The Koran, according to the research of Puin and his associates, copied a great deal of extant Christian material.

Apart from the little group at the University of the Saarland and a handful of others, though, the Western Academy is loathe to go near the issue. In the United States, where Arab and Islamic Studies rely on funding from the Gulf States, an interest in Koranic criticism is a failsafe way to commit career suicide.

Neuwirth has led the attack on "Christoph Luxenburg" and other Koranic critics who dispute the traditional Muslim account. According to Higgins, "Ms Neuwirth, the Berlin Koran expert, and Mr Marx, her research director, have tried to explain the project to the Muslim world in trips to Iran, Turkey, Syria and Morocco. When a German newspaper trumpeted their work last fall on its front page and predicted that it would 'overthrow rulers and topple kingdoms', Mr Marx called Arab television network al-Jazeera and other media to deny any assault on the tenets of Islam."

Despite her best efforts to reassure Islamic opinion, Higgins reports, she has stepped on landmines herself. "Ms Neuwirth, though widely regarded as respectful of Islamic tradition, got sideswiped by Arab suspicion of Western scholars. She was fired from a teaching post in Jordan, she says, for mentioning a radical revisionist scholar during a lecture in Germany."

The story thus far recalls the ending of another Indiana Jones film (Raiders of the Lost Ark), in which the Ark of the Covenant is filed away in an enormous warehouse, presumably never to be touched again. The Muslim world will continue to treat Koranic criticism as an existential risk, and apply whatever pressure is required to discourage it - albino monks presumably included.

But that is not the end of the matter. The Islamic world is forced to adopt an openly irrational stance, employing its power to intimidate scholars and frustrate the search for truth. It is impossible for Muslims to propose a dialogue with Western religions, as 38 Islamic scholars did in an October 13 letter to Pope Benedict XVI and other Christian leaders, and rule the subject of text criticism out of the discussion.

Precisely for this reason, Church leaders see little basis for a dialogue with Islam. Jean-Louis Cardinal Tauran, who directs the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, told the French daily La Croix, "Muslims do not accept discussion about the Koran, because they say it was written under the dictates of God. With such an absolutist interpretation, it's difficult to discuss the contents of the faith."

Throughout the Internet, Islamist sites denounce the work of a handful of marginalized scholars as evidence of a plot by Christian missionaries to sabotage Islam. What the Muslim world cannot conceal is its vulnerability and fear in the face of Koranic criticism. In the great battle for converts through the Global South, this may turn out to be a paralyzing disadvantage.

(Copyright 2008 Asia Times Online Ltd. All rights reserved.

Legends say that ancient levitators were able to rise above the ground up to 90 cm

Gods in Oriental Mythology had a special ability. They could fly. However, ordinary mortals could master the unique art of flying too. For example, Indian Brahmans, yogis, hermits and fakirs could rise and float in the air.

There is a chapter in the Vedas on levitation, a sort of guidelines on how to reach a state required for taking off the ground. Unfortunately, the meaning of many ancient Indic words and concepts has been irretrievably lost over the last few centuries and therefore the invaluable instructions can not be translated into modern languages.

As regards the ancient levitators, records at hand say that they were able to rise above the ground up to 90 cm. They did not lift off to impress the onlookers, they simply wanted to assume the most suitable position for performing religious rites.

The art of levitation still exists both in India and Tibet. Many scholars engaged in oriental studies also mention the phenomenon of “flying lamas.” Alexandra David-Neel, a British explorer, one day witnessed the flight of a Buddhist monk. The monk flew a few dozen meters over the alpine plateau Cnang Tang. He was bouncing off the ground like a tennis ball to rise in the air again and again. He kept his eyes on some guiding star hanging somewhere in the distance, the monk was the only person who could see the star in broad daylight.

http://english.pravda.ru/society/anomal/09-11-2005/9197-levitation-0

Europeans have long been aware of levitation too. There was one big difference between Eastern and Western medieval levitators. Unlike the Brahmans, yogis and lams, the monks in Europe never took any special training for levitational purposes. They would normally rise in the air after reaching a state of ultimate religious ecstasy.

According to trustworthy records, Saint Theresa, a Carmelite nun, was one of the first levitator of the Middle Ages. Her flight was seen by 230 catholic priests. The nun wrote about her unusual “gift” in the autobiography dated 1565. It is quite noteworthy that Saint Theresa herself did not want to fly. She spent long hours praying desperately in an attempt to get rid of her special power. She was asking Lord to relieve her of that grace. One night the Almighty finally heard the nun’s praying. She did not fly ever since that night.

Josef Desa used to be the most famous “flying man.” He was born into a devout family in South Italy. Since he was a boy, Josef was a very religious person prone to inflicting all kinds of torture upon himself in order to experience a state of religious ecstasy. Later he joined the Franciscans. He would get really ecstatic at times and rise in the air. One day he floated right before the Pope's very eyes. Josef arrived in Rome. The Pope Urban VIII granted him an audience. Josef got as excited as one could be. He could not help rising in the air. The head of the Order of St. Francis eventually brought Josef back to earth. Men of science observed more than a hundred cases of levitation of Josef. They put down their comments in the official records. However, the Christians were thought to be embarrassed by Josef's flights. As a result, Josef was sent to a out-of-the-way monastery in 1653. He was transferred to another monastery three months later, then to another one. The list can go on. Wherever he appeared, the news about the “miracle man” spread like wild fire. People from the neighboring towns and villages stood outside the monastery walls waiting for a miracle. Finally, Josef was transferred to a monastery in Osimo where he died in the fall of 1663. He was canonized four year later.

Daniel Douglas Hewm was the most famous levitator of the 19th century. Below is the description of his first flight penned by an editor of an American newspaper. “All of a sudden Hewm began lifting off and all the people in the room got completely surprised. I could see his legs floating about a foot about the ground. Hewm apparently could not speak as he had a twinge going from top to toe after the clash of fear and rapture in his mind. He went down some time later, and rose up again. He went up to the ceiling during a third ascent.”

Hewm learned to levitate of his own free will later on. He showed his outstanding ability to thousands of spectators including such celebrities as William Makepeace Thackeray and Mark Twain, Napoleon III, other politicians, doctors and scientists of note. Hewm has never been accused of hoaxing an audience.

There is a lot of controversy regarding a physical nature of levitation. Some researchers say that it is a product of the biogravitational field created by a special kind of mental energy emitted by the human brain. Doctor of Biological Sciences Alexander Dubrov is a supporter of this hypothesis. Dr. Dubnov points out that the biogravitational field is deliberately created by a levitator and therefore the latter can control the field and change the direction of a flight.

Lloyd Pye (www.lloydpye.com)

Framing The Picture

How did life begin on Earth? More intellectual and literal blood has been shed and spilled attempting to answer this question than any other in any aspect of science or religion. Why? Because the answer, if it could be determined beyond doubt, would reveal to us the deepest meanings behind ourselves and all that we see around us. More importantly, it would demolish once and for all the thorny tangle of conscious and unconscious thought and belief that causes most of the bloodshed.

At present there are only two socially acceptable explanations for how life has come to be on Earth. Science insists it has developed by entirely natural means, using only the materials at hand on the early planet, with no help from any outside source, whether that source be divine or extraterrestrial. Religion insists with equal fervor that life was brought into existence whole and complete by a divine Creator called by different names by the world s various sects. Between these two diametrically opposed viewpoints there is no overlap, no common ground where negotiation might be undertaken. Each considers its own position to be totally correct and the other totally wrong, a certainty bolstered by the fact that each can blow gaping holes in the logic/dogma of the other.

In the early 1800's Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands and noticed certain species had developed distinct adaptations for dealing with various environmental niches found there. Finch beaks were modified for eating fruit, insects, and seeds; tortoise shells were notched and unnotched for high-bush browsing and low-bush browsing. Every variation clearly remained part of the same root stock--finches remained finches, tortoises remained tortoises--but those obvious modifications in isolated body parts led Darwin to the logical assumption that entire bodies could change in the same way over vastly more time. Voila! Gradualism was conceived and, after gestating nearly three decades, was birthed in 1859 with the publication of the landmark On The Origin Of Species. Since then Darwin and his work have been topics of intense, usually acrimonious debate between science and religion.

Facts Will Be Facts

To move ahead, we must assign a name to those who believe life spontaneously sprang into existence from a mass of inorganic chemicals floating about in the early Earth s prebiotic seas. Let s call them "Darwinists," a term often used for that purpose. Darwinists have dealt themselves a difficult hand to play because those prebiotic seas had to exist at a certain degree of coolness for the inorganic chemicals floating in them to bind together into complex molecules. Anyone who has taken high school chemistry knows that one of the best ways to break chemical bonds is to heat them.

These assumptions were believed and taught worldwide with a fervor that leaves religious fundamentalists green with envy. Furthermore, they were taught as facts because that is what science inevitably does. It reaches a consensus about a set of assumptions in a field it has not fully mastered, then those assumptions are believed as dogma and taught as facts until the real facts become known. Sometimes such consensus "facts" endure for a short time (Isaac Newton s assumption that the speed of light was a relative measure lasted only 200 years), while others endure like barnacles on the underside of our awareness (the universe doggedly expands beyond every finite measure given for it).

For Darwinists that meant going from the frying pan into the fire, literally, because at 4.0 billion years ago the proto-Earth was nothing but a seething cauldron of lava, cooling lava, and steam, about as far from an incubator for incipient life as could be imagined. In short, right out of the gate, at the first crack of the bat, Charles Darwin was, as they say in the south, a blowed-up peckerwood.

(By the way, viruses do not figure into this scenario because they are not technically "alive" in the classic sense. To be fully alive means having the ability to take nourishment from the immediate environment, turn that nourishment into energy, expel waste, and reproduce indefinitely. Viruses need a living host to flourish, though they can and do reproduce themselves when ensconced in a suitable host. So it seems safe to assume hosts precede viruses in every case.)

They didn t have to wait long. In the late 1980's a biologist named Carl Woese discovered that not only did life appear on Earth in the form of prokaryotes at around 4.0 billion years ago, there was more than one kind! Woese found that what had always been considered a single creature was in fact two distinct types he named archaea and true bacteria. This unexpected, astounding discovery made one thing clear beyond any shadow of doubt: Life could not possibly have evolved on Earth. For it to appear as early as it did in the fossil record, and to consist of two distinct and relatively sophisticated types of bacteria, meant spontaneous animation flatly did not occur.

Outside Intervention

Another reason scientists resist disseminating the truth is that it would so profoundly change the financial landscape for many of them. Consider the millions and billions of tax dollars and foundation grants that are spent each year trying to answer one question: Does life exist beyond Earth? The reality of two types of prokaryotes appearing suddenly, virtually overnight, at around 4.0 billion years ago provides overwhelming testimony that the answer is "Yes!" Clearly life could not have spontaneously animated from inorganic chemicals in seas comprised of seething lava rather than relatively cool water. So billions of dollars of funding would vanish if scientists ever openly conceded that life must have come to Earth from somewhere else because it obviously could not have originated here.

So What Is The Answer?

If life was actually seeded here, how might that have happened? By accident....or (hushed whisper) deliberately? Well, the idea of accidental seeding has been explored in considerable detail by a surprising number of non-mainstream thinkers and even by a few credentialed scientists (British astronomer Fred Hoyle being perhaps the most notable). The "accidental seeding" theory is called panspermia, and the idea behind it is that bacterial life came to Earth on comets or asteroids arriving from planets where it had existed before they exploded and sent pieces hurtling through space to collide some millennia later with our just-forming planet.

The point to note here is that no one wants to step up to the plate and suggest the obvious, which is that some entity or entities from somewhere beyond our solar system came here when it was barely formed and for whatever reason decided to seed it with two kinds of prokaryotes, the hardiest forms of bacteria we are aware of and, for all we know, are creatures purposefully designed to be capable of flourishing in absolutely any environment in the universe. (Understand that prokaryotes exist today just as they did 4.0 billion years ago...unchanged, indestructible, microscopic terminators with the unique ability to turn any hell into a heaven. But more about that in a moment.)

Welcome To The Ant Farm

Is this fantastic notion really possible? Is it even remotely plausible? Consider the facts as we know them to be, not what we are misled into believing by those we trust to correctly inform us. The simple truth is that life came to our planet when it (Earth) had no business hosting anything but a galactic-level marshmallow roast. The life forms that were brought, the two prokaryotes, just happen to be the simplest and most durable creatures we are aware of. And, most important of all, they have the unique ability to produce oxygen as a result of their metabolic processes.

Let s put ourselves in their shoes (or whatever they wear) for a moment. They are a few million or even a few billion years into their life cycle as a species. Space and time mean nothing to them. Traversing the universe is like a drive across Texas to us...a bit long but easily doable. So as they travel around they make it a point to look for likely places to establish life, and 4.0 billion years ago they spot a solar system (in this case ours) forming off their port side. They pull a hard left and take it all in. At that point every protoplanet is as much a seething cauldron as the proto-Earth, so they sprinkle prokaryotes on all of them in the hope that one or more will allow them to flourish.

This might include, for example, eukaryotes, Earth s second life form, another single-celled bacteria which clearly appeared (rather than evolved) just as suddenly as the prokaryotes at (surprise!) around 2.0 billion years ago. Eukaryotes are distinctive because they are the first life form with a nucleus, which is a hallmark of all Earth life except prokaryotes. We humans are eukaryotic creatures. But those second immigrants (which, like prokaryotes, exist today just as they did when they arrived) were much larger than their predecessors, more fragile, and more efficient at producing oxygen.

The terraformers continue to monitor their project. They notice Earth suffers periodic catastrophes that eliminate 50% to 90% of all higher life forms. (Such mass extinction events have in fact occurred five times, the last being the Cretaceous extinction of 65 million years ago, which wiped out the dinosaurs). They wait a few thousand years after each event while the planet regains its biotic equilibrium, then they restock it with new plants and animals that can make their way in the post-catastrophe environment. (This, too, is actually borne out by the fossil record, which scientists try to explain away with a specious addendum to Darwinism called "punctuated equilibrium.")

Medicine In Old Egypt

Egyptian Physicians
Not only were there many physicians in the Pyramid Age, but there were very specialized ones. The skill of an early dentist is beautifully illustrated by a mandible found in a tomb of the Fourth Dynasty (2900-2750), in which an alveolar process was pierced to drain an abscess under the first molar. From the tombstone of Iry, chief physician to a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty (2625-2475), we learn that he was also "palace eye physician" and "palace stomach bowel physician" and bore the titles "one understanding the internal fluids" and "guardian of the anus." '

Egyptian Papyri
The medical papyri that have come to us, seven or more, are relatively late. They date from the Twelfth Dynasty to the Twentieth (2000 to 1090), but most of them reflect professedly earlier knowledge, going back to the Old Kingdom, as far back as the Fourth Dynasty. The two earliest papyri, the Kahun and the Gardiner fragments (c. 2000), deal with diseases of women, children, and cattle. The two Most important ones, the so-called Smith and Ebers papyri, date from the seventeenth and sixteenth centuries B.C.. The Smith one is of the same age as the Rhind mathematical papyrus. Roughly speaking, we may say that the outstanding, mathematical and medical treatises that have come to us are of the same period, the the Middle Kingdom and the beginning of the NewKingdom just prior the imperial age, when Egypt dominated the world.

Smith and Ebers Papyri
Let us consider more carefully the two outstanding, the Smith and the Ebers, both of which are much larger than any others. On the basis of the figure given by Sarton, the seven medical papyri listed by him include 3746 lines, the Smith has 469 lines and the Ebers 2289, so that together they have 2758 lines, which is almost 74 percent of the total. As all the manuscripts are ultimately derived from similar Old Kingdom sources, we may safely assume that the study of the Ebers and the Smith papyri will give us a fair knowledge of ancient Egyptian medicine.
We shall begin with the younger one, the Ebers papyrus, because it is by far the largest (almost five times as large as the Smith) and was the best known until very recent times. The difference in age is small anyhow, about a century, and negligible if one bears in mind that both texts represent older traditions. We are sure that the Ebers papyrus was written somewhat later than the Smith one, but it would be unwise to conclude that the contents of the former are of later date than the contents of the latter.

Ebers Papyrus
The Ebers papyrus is a roll 20.23 m long and 30 cm high; the text is distributed in 108 columns of 20 to 22 lines each. It contains 877 recipes concerning a great variety of diseases or symptoms. Spells are recommended only in twelve cases and in other cases the therapeutics does not seem irrational, though we are seldom able to understand either the trouble or the remedy. The contents are arranged in the following order:

1.  
   1. Recitals before medical treatment, to increase the virtue of the remedy.
   2. Internal medical diseases. Diseases of the eye.
   3. Diseases of the skin (with an appendix of sundries).
   4. Diseases of the extremities. Miscellinea (especially diseases of the head, for example, of the tongue, teeth, nose, and ears, and cosmetics).
   5. Diseases of women (and matters concerning housekeeping).
   6. Information of an anatomic, physiologic, and pathologic nature, and explanation of words.
   7. Surgical diseases.

Smith Papyru
The Smith papyrus is much shorter. It is 33 cm high and was probably 5 m long, but the beginning has been lost and it now measures 4.70 m. lt is a copy of a much older text, dating back to the Pyramid Age, perhaps even early in that age, let us say the thirtieth century. After it had circulated for some generations it was found that its terms were antiquated.
Toward the end of the Old Kingdom, say in the twenty-sixth century, a learned physician had the idea of rejuvenating it by the addition of glosses (69 in all), explaining obsolete terms and discussing dubious matters. (N.B. the Papyrus Ebers has also some glosses, 26 in all, but they have been badly messed up). These glosses constitute the most valuable part of the papyrus.
The text as we have it now comprises two very distinct parts - 17 columns (377 lines) on the front and 4.5 columns (92 lines) on the back. The latter part contains only recipes and incantations and need not detain us. The main part is a surgical treatise, informed by a scientific spirit far superior to that of the Ebers papyrus.
To be sure, the field of surgery is much less likely than that of internal medicine to be contaminated by irrational ideas, for in most surgical cases dealt with by ancient physicians the cause of the injury was too obvious to require the insertion of magical antecedents. On the contrary, an internal disease is always mysterious and likely to breed superstitious ideas in the patient's mind, even in the physician's mind. The Smith papyrus consists not of recipes but of definite cases. It was planned to deal with the ailments in the order of the bodily parts from head to foot, but unfortunately it stops a little below the shoulders, whether because the scribe was interrupted or because the end of the manuscript got 1ost. That order - eis podas ec cephales, a capite ad calces -remained the one throughout the Middle Ages, but it was so natural, as a first approximation, that we should not assume it was determined by the Egyptian example.
The forty-eight cases dealt with in the papyrus, as it has come to us, are classified as follows:

The discussion begins with the head and skull, proceeding thence downward by way of the nose, face and ears, to the neck, clavicle, humerus, thorax, shoulders and spinal column, where the text is discontinued, leaving the document incomplete. Without any external indication of the arrangement of the text, the content of the treatise is nevertheless carefully disposed in groups of cases, each group being concerned with a certain region. These groups are as follows:

A. Head (27 cases, the first incomplete): Skull, overlying soft tissue and brain, Cases 1-10. Nose, Cases 11-14. Maxillary region, Cases 15-17. Temporal region, Cases 18-22. Ears, mandible, lips and chin, Cases 23-27.
B.  Throat and neck (cervical vertebrae), Cases 28-33
C.  Clavicle, Cases 34-35.
D.  Humerus, Cases 36-38
E.  Sternum, overlying soft tissue, and trueribs, Cases 39-46.
F.  Shoulders, Case 47.
G.  Spinal Column, Case 48.

1. Title.
2. Examination.
3. Diagnosis.
4. Treatment (unless a fatal case, considered untreatable).
5. Glosses (a little dictionary of obscure terms, if any, employed in the discussion of the case

1. An ailment which I will treat.
2. An ailment with which I will contend.
3. An ailment not to be treated.

A. "Until he recovers."
B. "Until the period of his injury passes by."
C. "Until thou knowest that he has reached decisive point."

Did the Egyptians study Anatomy?
There is no reason to believe that the ancient Egyptians had studied anatomy, by means of deliberate dissections, but they had taken advantage of the accidental experiments falling under their eyes and had accumulated much knowledge. Of course, the mummification of dead bodies of men and animals, which had been practiced from time immemorial, might have taught them many things, but I am rather skeptical about that; the embalmers were too much concerned about their own difficult art to pay attention to irrelevant anatomic details. lt is possible that the practice of mummification made it easier later, much later, in Ptolemaic times, for Greek scientists to undertake systematic dissections, but that is another story. As far as ancient Egypt is concerned there is no evidence of the influence of mummification on anatomic knowledge.
The author whose work is recorded in the Smith papyrus had meditated on anatomic and physiologic questions. He was aware of the importance of the pulse, and of a connection between pulse and heart. He had some vague idea of a cardiac system, though not of course of a circulation, which nobody clearly understood before Harvey (and before him the Muslim physiacin Ibn Al-Nafis). His knowledge of the vascular system was made hopelessly difficult by his inability to distinguish between blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Yet consider these astounding observations of the brain : "If thou examines a man having a gaping wound in his head penetrating to the bone, smashing his skull, and rending open the brain of his skull, thou shouldst palpate his wound. Shouldst thou find that smash which in his skull like those corrugations which form in molten copper, and something therein throbbing and fluttering under thy fingers, like the weak place of an infant's crown before it becomes whole- when it has happened there is no throbbing and fluttering under thy fingers until the brain of his [the patient's] skull is rent open and he discharges blood from both his nostrils, and he suffers with stiffness in his neck."

He had observed the meninges, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the convolutions of the brain (compared in the previous quotation to the rippling surface of metallic slag). Moreover, he had realized that the brain was the seat of the control of the body, and that special kinds of control were localized in special parts of the brain.

Conclusion
To conclude, the Smith papyrus, and to a lesser extent the Ebers one, give us a very favorable idea of the medicine, anatomy, and physiology of the Egyptians, and of the scientific outlook that they obtained at least two thousand years before Hippocrates.

MY JOURNEYS INTO THE FUTURE AND THE GREAT HARVEST OF SOULS

by Tom Smith

After having read all the changes and potential changes to the Earth, many may feel it is time to "get out of Dodge". Many will do just that, as they have chosen these times to make their transition. But many more will remain to be an integral part of the changes. Actually all of us are part of the changes. Whether you believe it or not, we have all "signed on" for this adventure, for as many reasons as there are humans.

In the channeling of July 15, 1992, the Sun God mentioned that I and others have traveled into the future. Indeed, I have been privileged to have taken such journeys, and have seen us leave the Earth to live elsewhere. I have seen some of what is ahead for the Earth and humankind. I have been allowed to see the Master Plan in motion.

Part of my divine plan is to write and teach the truths. Therefore, I am writing about some of my experiences as I become a part of the transformation of spaceship Earth as she prepares for her final cleansing. Where do each of us go and what is it like when we get there? This is some of what I am about to tell you.

After some thought about which approach to take, I decided to present my future travels as they impressed me, as I was there. It is written as it was happening - in the present. It is my sincere hope that each of you can feel my experiences for yourself and not be fearful of them. It is my intent to convey what it will be like for me to leave the Earth and all of my possessions behind, and to settle on a distant planet, in a new home and in a new surrounding. It is not intended to be presented as an emotional experience, although I certainly had mixed emotions. All those that I saw or talked with during my future travels showed no fear about what is to occur, or what had already taken place. With the many changes in Earth energies, as well as "777" universal energies, all changes are now occurring at an accelerated pace.

By the time the Great Harvest of Souls arrives, most of us will have a totally different mindset than now. Much of what you read here and hear from others will not be as "far out" as it may now seem.

This is not intended to be a thorough description of what I have seen and felt in the future. My journeys are not the purpose and focus of this book. Besides, as much as I have been privileged to see, I did not get the full "tour," at least that I can recall at present.

This is not channeled material